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Female Genital Mutilation

2010-01-24T20:36:00.000-08:00

Our daughters should not be cut
Female genital mutilation isn't just a problem in other countries. It's happening here, and we need to face it

By Lynn Harris

Salon

FGM in the USA Some girls came back from this past winter break with Christmas loot, ski tans, still more to say about "Twilight: New Moon." But others, women's health experts suspect, came back with deep, and literal, wounds to heal. According to human rights advocates and service providers, families in the U.S. who have immigrated from countries where female genital mutilation (FGM) is practiced often take their daughters home, when school is out, to be cut.

Yes, FGM is practiced -- or at least planned -- on U.S. soil, on girls in immigrant families who were born and/or raised here. Perhaps even among people you know: Not long ago, a concerned mother posted on my Brooklyn-area parenting list-serv that she believed an eight-year-old friend of her daughter's had undergone some form of the procedure in her home country in the Middle East (and appeared to be markedly traumatized). Archana Pyati, an asylum attorney for Sanctuary for Families in New York, has encountered dozens of FGM cases just in the past six months. "The majority of our African clients have been through it, and most often, they are fighting to protect their daughters," she says. (Older relatives with "seniority" often push for the procedure.) "It is our hope that by recognizing that FGM may be occurring under our noses we will become better able to respond to it, just as we would any other form of violence against children," she says.

Right now, though, that's not happening. While numerous countries, cities, and villages on other continents have made significant strides toward prohibiting and preventing the procedure -- and while it's been outlawed by U.S. federal law since 1996 and is also illegal in 17 states -- its practice by immigrant families here is, by all anecdotal reports, only increasing. Yet there remains practically no way to address it any way other than case by brutal, heartbreaking case.

"The silence hasn't been broken here," says Taina Bien-Aime, executive director of Equality Now. "It's an issue that affects thousands of [U.S.] girls, some of whom were born here, and yet no one is really paying attention."

FGM refers to several different traditional rite-of-passage practices in parts of Africa, Asia and the Middle East that involve the cutting of female genitals -- from a ceremonial pinprick to "clitoridectomy" to removal of part or all of the external genitalia -- for non-medical reasons such as "to reduce woman's libido and help her resist â€˜illicit' sexual acts." Health consequences include severe pain and bleeding, hemorrhaging, chronic infection, infertility, painful intercourse, post-traumatic stress, pregnancy complications possibly fatal to the baby, and death of the victim herself. FGM is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of women and girls, reflecting, as the World Health Organization puts it, a "deep-rooted inequality between the sexes, and [constituting] an extreme form of discrimination against women." In her recent landmark speech on global reproductive health, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton cited an estimated 70 million victims of FGM among the "intolerable" statistics of women's lives worldwide; the World Health Organization says it's as high as 150 million. In the U.S., according to Equality Now, 228,000 women and girls are estimated to have undergone or to be at risk for FGM -- a old number long said to be on the rise.

Yet only one case has been prosecuted in the United States, ever; the circumstances were so anomalous, however, that some advocates say it doesn't even really count. ("We always thought the first one would be a girl who bleeds to death, but that hasn't been the case," says Bien-Aime.) Most U.S.-based cases of FGM, or its threat, fly way under the radar -- especially when its victims travel out of the country. Reporting, even addressing it at all, is stymied by its deep cultural entrenchment and misplaced "sensitivity" by some outsiders. And, of course, the practice affects primarily girls of color, poor ones at that: pretty much as marginalized and bottom-rung as you get.

Consider New York, whose metropolitan area is considered to have the highest number of women and girls potentially affected by cutting. In the past, New York City's Administration for Children's Services has worked with Sauti Yetu Center for African Women in the Bronx to provide community forums and awareness trainings for ACS staff -- but no more. In fact, an ACS spokesperson said that "the issue of FGM has rarely if ever come across our work in New York City." Today, search for "female genital" at nyc.gov, and you get a bunch of stuff about STDs. New York state law bans FGM of minors, criminalizing both the person who performs the procedure as well as the parent or guardian who OKs it. The law also requires the state Office of Children and Family Services to establish "education, preventive and outreach" activities in communities where FGM is traditionally practiced. According to reports, however, not much of that has happened in a decade; officials confirmed that there is no particular program in place today. Versions of a bill that would require the state to report to the governor annually on its efforts to address FGM has passed the state assembly repeatedly since 1995 but has died a thousand deaths in the Senate. (Re-re-reintroduced in January 2009 by Assemblywoman Barbara Clark of Queens, the bill is currently cooling its heels in the Senate's Health subcommittee.) Likewise, according to Bien-Aime and others, little is happening at the federal level, where similar laws both criminalize the act and require outreach. (The Office of Women's Health did not return repeated calls and emails.)

Much of the work of intervention has therefore fallen to advocacy groups like Equality Now, along with community-based and service organizations such as Sauti Yetu and Sanctuary for Families (SFF). Sanctuary for Families does outreach through schools and community groups, trying to educate both girls and the adults they see -- teachers, guidance counselors -- about the risks and realities of FGM, offering (for one thing) in-school clinics that give girls the opportunity to raise the issue. "We ask if any students would like to meet with lawyers who can answer questions about immigration and then we raise the issue one-on-one if it seems relevant, based on their country of origin," explains Pyati. "We might learn that they're afraid, or that they have a classmate who is." Sanctuary asks guidance counselors to reassure students that any conversation they have with a Sanctuary lawyer will be confidential, and works to "make sure they know that FGM is a very serious form of violence," says Pyati.

While school officials are mandated reporters of child abuse, possible cases of FGM may give them -- and other adults in a position to suspect it -- pause. Is it a "cultural" practice that others somehow must respect? Is reporting it anti-Muslim? Will a child be summarily removed from her home -- from an otherwise loving family who bears no other threat of violence? Such concern are misplaced, says Pyati. For one thing, FGM is a social custom, not a religious practice.

Also, reporting a suspicion of child abuse does not always or automatically result in separation of the family in question. That said, "It's a mistake to assume that FGM is a stand-alone event," she says. "FGM, a serious violation of human rights, is performed in a context of discrimination and violence against women. Where a girl's rights are so compromised that she has to undergo a painful procedure that is potentially life-threatening and carries life-long physical and psychological consequences, it can indicate that other forms of abuse may be ongoing." Physical and psychological abuse may be used to force a girl to submit to FGM; FGM may be a way of preparing a girl for a marriage against her will, to which she has no right to object. And once she is married, her family may force her to bear children, have sex and endure other gender-related violence.

Says Pyati: "We report child abuse. Why wouldn't we report a form of violence against a girl that will change her body for the rest of her life?"

The profound, centuries-old ingrainment of the practice -- some believe un-"circumcised" women are possessed by the devil, for example -- also makes it hard for large groups like Equality Now to form coalitions with local groups in immigrant communities. The people those groups represent "don't want to talk about it," Bien-Aime says. "They feel overwhelmed just by being here. They're struggling with finding jobs and sending their kids to school. They're like, â€˜Are you crazy? That's at the bottom of the list. Why are you so obsessed with my daughter's genitals?'"

And at the level of law enforcement, advocates say, bans on the procedure stateside don't go nearly far enough. There are "circumcisers" who do the job in the U.S., hush-hush, a whole series in one afternoon, says Bien-Aime. But if we're not catching them, how are we to track those who perform the procedure on U.S. girls in to their home countries? Only Georgia and Nevada's anti-FGM laws include so-called "vacation provisions," which criminalize the removal of a child from the state to subject her to FGM. Advocates say such provisions must be universal.

Even then, prosecution, or at least protection, would still be dependent on someone speaking up, someone dropping a dime. In the UK, France, and Belgium, for example, women's groups who work with refugees will call partner grassroots groups in Senegal or Mali to let them know that one of their families is heading home with their daughter. The local African group will meet that family at the airport, follow them to their village, and warn them that their daughters had better stay "intact" or their papers will be compromised. "We are light years away from that," says Bien-Aime. "No one says it's easy or not sensitive but you have to start someplace. We need to raise awareness with campaigns like those we've seen for sexual harassment or domestic violence or anti-smoking," she continues, noting that many immigrant families arrive here after spending years in refugee camps, unaware that their own countries have taken steps to end the practice. "All the relevant providers need to be in touch and know what FGM is and how to protect the girls, and where we punish those who perpetuate it. The law is a deterrent. All you need is one case to start the process."

Bien-Aime recalls the case of a 15-year-girl in New York City, forcibly married to an older man, who called Equality Now to say she'd overheard that her 9-year-old and 9-month-old cousins were being sent back to Gambia to be cut. "I scrambled to find a social worker from Gambia to go into the house and talk to the family, but I couldn't," says Bien-Aime. The 15-year-old finally warned her cousin, who went to a school counselor, who sent someone to try to intervene. That worked -- mostly. "The 9-year-old was left behind for that summer vacation, but we have every reason to believe the 9-month-old was cut," Bien-Aime says. "She was a U.S.-born child. It happens. Her cousin was just lucky."

Which Sex Killed Jesus--For Shayla

2007-12-06T13:12:00.000-08:00

Which Sex Killed Jesus?
Bernadette Barton and Ric N. Caric
Morehead State University

Introduction
In 2006, after close to six years of the presidential administration of the self-identified conservative Christian George W. Bush, the radical Christian Right has gained political and economic ascendency through such organizations as Focus on the Family, the Family Research Council and the Moral Majority. These groups promote the interlocking triumpherate of traditional family, religion and government to, in their words, “provide a framework for social order.” To accomplish their goals, chief among them anti-abortion and anti-homosexual lobbying, conservative Christians explictly draw upon the Bible as the primary source of God’s design for humanity. The Mission statement for the Focus on the Family website reads, “To cooperate with the Holy Spirit in disseminating the Gospel of Jesus Christ to as many people as possible, and, specifically, to accomplish that objective by helping to preserve traditional values and the institution of marriage.”

Focus on the Family, the Family Research Council and the Moral Majority are evangelical organizations whose religious purpose is to convert others to Christianity. Most of the leaders and members of such groups advocate a fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible. American fundamentalist doctrine includes five beliefs: the inerrancy of the Scriptures, the virgin birth and deity of Jesus, the doctrine of substitutionary atonement through God’s grace and human faith, the bodily resurection of Jesus, and the authenticity of Christ’s miracles and/or his premillenial second coming (General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, 1910). Although we ideologically and intellectually oppose both the Christian fundamentalist political agenda and religious proscription that the Bible is “inerrant,” in this paper we follow the path of the biblical fundamentalists. Drawing on the gospels of Mark, Matthew, Luke and John in the King James version of the Bible, we demonstrate a “fundamental truth” previously unexplored in contemporary culture: men killed Jesus. This is largely a straw argument, for neither author is spiritually or intellectually invested in blaming men for the death of Jesus. Our goals in developing this argument are threefold: 1). To make visible the patriarchal forces of early Christianity, 2). To argue that Jesus had a feminist sensibility, and 3). In doing so, illustrate the narrow-mindedness required of fundamentalist reading.

The Catalyst
In 2004 Mel Gibson’s wildly popular film, The Passion of the Christ grossed $370 million. The buzz about the film was everywhere, on websites, in blogs, reviewed and discussed throughout the media. Additionally, religious leaders in the pulpit encouraged parishioners to view the film. Indeed, whole churches rented out theaters for private showings of the film. The 127 minute blood-soaked Passion begins with Jesus’ last supper and continues through his execution. Gibson, a catholic, explained to the press that "I want to show the humanity of Christ as well as the divine aspect. It's a rendering that for me is very realistic and as close as possible to what I perceive the truth to be." http://www.hollywoodjesus.com/passion.htm). Gibson explained that the film remained true to the scriptures. Critics decried the film as overly violent, lacking a coherent narrative, and anti-semitic while droves of the devout prayed through the opening credits.

It was while watching the Passion itself on video, and fast-forwarding through the goriest scenes, that a more empirically plausible, indeed fundamental, answer to the question of Christ-killing forcibly struck us.

Men killed Jesus.

Yes, the film reflected a certain anti-semitism -- hooded Pharisees demanding the death of Jesus, a somber, noble Pilate seeking an alternative to killing Jesus -- but the real story of the Passion, to our feminist gaze, was about the men. We observed: Male religious leaders (Pharisees) condemn Jesus to the Roman authorities, a man betray him (Judas), a man sentence him (Pontius Pilate), men torture him (the Temple and Roman soldiers), male disciples of Jesus deny him (Peter et al), and men nail him to the cross, and stab a spear in his side (Roman soldiers). The question the film raised for us, then, is if men, as a sex, shared an interest in killing Jesus. And, if so, how might have Jesus’ person, bearing, message, or actions provoked the men of his time? What psychological qualities, customs, interests, education, and sexuality of the period potentially encouraged men to be hostile to Jesus teachings? More simply, “What is it about men that would make them Christ-killers?”

In contrast, while there undoubtedly were women in the crowd of Jewish on-lookers shouting to “crucify him,” no single significant woman participated in the torture and murder of Jesus. Instead, Jesus’ mother Mary and Mary Magdalene stayed with him through the ordeal, Pilate’s wife cautioned her husband against condemning what she perceived of as a “just” man, a woman (Veronica) wiped his face when Jesus was carrying the cross, women prepared his body after death, and Jesus appeared first to Mary Magdalene. Jesus’ female disciples and incidental aquaintances did not manufacture nor participate in the the murder of Jesus – according to Mel Gibson. Since we are loathe to solely rely upon Gibson’s authority in this, we substantiated our theory with a careful, fundamentalist reading of the King James version of the four gospel narratives of Jesus’ life. Drawing primarily from biblical scripture, we will explore the role men played in the death of Jesus and argue that, in doing so, Jewish men, Roman men, rulers, soldiers, religious leaders, farmers and fishermen all shared at least a partial interest in suppressing Jesus’ anti-masculine message of self-sacrifice.

Religious Authority
Hostility between Jesus and the Pharisees emerged early in his ministry. The Pharisees policed Sabbath regulations, purity prescriptions, and dietary restrictions. Widely respected for their piety and accepted as the authoritative interpreters of biblical law by the Jewish population, the Pharisees differentiated themselves by carrying phylacteries to hold the Torah and wearing special robes. Jesus challenged the authority of the Pharisees in three ways. First, Jesus rejected their authority to interpret the Torah. Jesus insisted that the primary relationship between a person and God was through him as the Son of God rather than through Hebrew Law. In this, Jesus not only challenged Pharisaic interpretations of the Law, but invalidated the Pharisees as interpreters of the Law. For example, Jesus violated the Sabbath injunction to do no work by healing a man in a synagogue on the Sabbath with Pharisees present. He justified this action with a parable about a shepherd who would tend a sheep, “What man shall there be among you that shall have one sheep and if it fall into a pit on the sabbath day, will he not lay hold on it, and lift it out?” (Matthew 12:11) Most significantly, Jesus expressed that he had the authority to forgive sins and cast out demons, “But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to fogive sins.” (Mark 2:10).

Deeply threatened, the Jewish political and religious establishment mobilized. The Pharisees, both locally and throughout the nation state, began plotting ways to execute Jesus while continuing to engage him in verbal debate. Such debate was a tricky attempt to trap Jesus into making blasphemous remarks that could justify his execution. (Jesus proved himself more verbally adept than the Pharisees). The Gospel of John makes this point most strongly by emphasizing that Jesus could not travel in Jewish territory because of the religious establishment’s efforts to kill him. According to John, concern about Jesus reached the chief priest Caiaphas. Caiaphas worried Jesus’ popularity might provoke the Romans to anihilate the Jewish nation and indicated that Jesus would have to die for the sake of the people as a whole.

Second, Jesus directly attacked the Pharisees as hypocrites. In Matthew 23, he launched a long denunciation of the Pharisees and scribes that Anthony J. Salderini calls the “seven woe oracles.” Seven times, Jesus pronounced “woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites” as he condemned them. By their greed, the Pharisees had devoured widow’s houses, while their false teachings had infected their followers. More portentously, Jesus claimed that the similarity between the motivations of the Pharisees and those who had killed the prophets meant not only that the Pharisees had been implicated in the murder of the prophets, but that they, and, implicitly, their followers, could be linked to all the murders of the righteous from Abel forward. According to Matthew, Jesus also calls the Pharisees “blind,” “fools,” “serpents,” “vipers,” and warned that it will be difficult for them to “escape the damnation of hell” (Matthew 23:34).

Third, Jesus explicitly identified those perceived as most debased by the Pharisees - lepers, poor, tax collectors, women - as closer to the Kingdom of Heaven than the Pharisees themselves. In Matthew 5:20 Jesus says, “That except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter the kingdom of heaven.” Throughout his ministry, Jesus sought and embraced those most excluded from the ritual sanctities of Judaism. Further, unlike the Pharisees, Jesus and his followers did not fast. In fact, they ate and drank heartily, and associated with known sinners like tax collectors (or publicans), lepers, and the sick. Such individuals would have been viewed as chronically “unclean.” Also considered to be “unclean” were women, especially during menstruation and following childbirth. During these periods women were isolated within their households and subject to the authority of their fathers and husbands. Thus, excluded from almost all public functions and largely confined to their houses, the public presence of women among Jesus’ followers further damaged him in the eyes of the Pharisees.

Even worse, more than one biblical narrative demonstrates Jesus favoring women over the Pharisees. In Luke 7:36-50, for example, Jesus visits the house of a Pharisee named Simon. As Jesus sat down to his meat with Simon, a woman “which was a sinner” came into the house with a box of expensive alabaster ointment, stood behind Jesus weeping, “and began to wash his feet with tears.” She wiped Jesus’ feet with her hair before kissing and anointing them with ointment. Watching this act, Simon questioned Jesus’ status as prophet, thinking “if he were a prophet, he would have known what manner this woman is that toucheth him” and, then, send her away in shame. Recognizing Simon’s thoughts, Jesus rebukes him:

Seest thou this woman? I entered into thine house, thou gavest me no water for
my feet: but she hath washed my feet with tears, and wiped them with the hairs
of her head. Thou gavest me no kiss: but this woman since the time I came in
hath not ceased to kiss my feet. My head with oil thou didst not anoint: but
this woman hath anointed my feet with ointment.[i]

Here, Jesus indicates that he valued this woman’s behavior, in spite of her sins, more than Simon’s in all his pompous piety. This woman (Mary Magdalene in the gospel of John) “loved much” and showed that love through her service. For Jesus, love showed itself most forcefully in a willingness to subordinate oneself to God and others. Desiring forgiveness and animated by a faith that Jesus could provide that forgiveness, the woman eagerly devoted herself to caring for Jesus’ feet. The woman’s love for Jesus recalls several of the important themes in the four gospels. Her abject behavior and longing for forgiveness reflects the first blessing in the Sermon on the Mount in Matthew: “blessed are the poor in spirit.” Moreover, the menial act of care for Jesus’ feet and her “tainted” reputation as a sinner correspond with the Jesus’ dictum that the “last shall come first and the first shall come last.” Finally, Jesus himself followed the model of foot-washing as a means to show love to his disciples in John’s account of the Last Supper. Of all the individuals, Jesus encountered in his ministry his actions most resembled this “sinning” woman.[ii]

In contrast, while Simon may not have violated Pharasiac law and felt himself a “sinner,” his conduct was in conflict with Jesus and his teachings. Pious in his own eyes, little burdened by a need for forgiveness, Simon offered Jesus no abject, loving service. Jesus expressed, “to whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little.” The woman’s consciousness of her sins - her uncleanliness - enabled her redemption while Simon’s sense of self-satisfied authority crippled his salvation. Even worse Simon, like the Pharisees generally, cared most about his reputation, an external matter distracting one from service to God. Carrying the books of the Torah, tithing, observing dietary restrictions, and efforts to ensure that the rest of the Jewish population observed those restrictions were all ways that the Pharisees demonstrated their piety and created social capital among their fellow men. Such concern for reputation constituted a “public display” to Jesus, not an illustration of sincere piety of the Law. Jesus made this same criticism of the Pharisees many times,“But all their works they do for to be seen by men; they . . . love the uppermost rooms at feasts and the chief seats in the synagogues and greetings in the markets, and to be called Rabbi, Rabbi.”

Jesus held the practices of the Pharisees in contempt saying in Luke, “ye are they which justify yourselves before men; but God knoweth your hearts: for that which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God.” Acting as authoritative interpreters of the Law among the Jewish people, enforcing religious prescriptions, influencing Temple ritual, and other indications of their public esteem made them “unclean” (or abominable) in a way much worse than the “sins” of the woman who sought forgiveness through service. Indeed, Jesus expresses that the very act of reputation-building was tainted with a sinfulness much greater than transgressions against the law the Pharisees regulated. Because the Pharisees sought to justify themselves “before men,” their education in the Law, following of ritual prescriptions, carrying the Torah, and wearing of special robes all compromised spiritual cleanliness. To Jesus then, Simon was a monster of presumption, an “abomination in the sight of God,” by the time they sat down to eat. It was because of this presumption that Simon the Pharisee could not love Jesus in the manner of the woman with the alabaster ointment, and that Jesus found him lacking.[iii]
Indeed, Jesus demonstrated a deeper regard for non-Jewish women than he did the Pharisees. When traveling on the borders of Tyre and Sidon, a Syro-Phoenician woman came to ask him to cast a devil out of her daughter. Jesus initially rebuffed her saying that it was “not meet to take the children’s (Isreael’s) bread and cast it unto the dogs (the Gentiles).” But, when she replied, “Yes, Lord: yet the dogs under the table eat of the children’s crumbs,” Jesus relented and healed her daughter. Like the woman with the alabaster ointment, the Syro-Phoenician woman debased herself before Jesus, acknowledging her inferiority as a non-Jewish person. This act sanctified her in the eyes of God and Jesus responded. The Pharisees never demonstrated a willingness to debase themselves before God.

We theorize that the Pharisees’ reluctance to assume an inferior location to Jesus is directly related to their male and class privilege. Pharisees, Sadducees, scribes, priests, and chief priests enjoyed a higher occupational status among the Jewish population as a whole. The Jewish faith also privileged men over women, casting men as the sanctified heads of households while associating women with pollution. Hence, according to Jewish law, women could not act as religious leaders nor had the authority to interpret scripture. Simon and the other Pharisees shared gender capital because they were men. Thus, although Jesus did not explictly critique women’s subordination under Pharisee religious law, he condemning a critical dimension of male supremacy when he condemned the Pharisees for their sense of their own religious sanctity and declared his preference for those who were polluted and attainted.[iv] By the time Jesus established himself in Jerusalem, he and the religious authorities had become like two enemy armies warily stalking each other as they prepare for battle. The Pharisees were seeking to kill Jesus in the name of all of the understandings and prerogatives associated with orthodox Jewish religion. For his part, Jesus was threatening those who followed the conventional masculine paths to sanctity with damnation and greater damnation, and demanding a model of painful humility and service best exemplified by the woman with the alabaster ointment and better manifested by women in general than males.[v]

Wealth
Jesus did not explicitly criticize patriarchy. He did, however, radically devalue aspects of material life that bolstered the interests, values, and privilege of males, particularly wealth. Indeed, he condemned the accumulation of property, possessions, and money even more than the social capital flaunted by the Pharisees. Everything that men invested in their property (and families) compromised their ability to have a relationship with God, according to Jesus, who further expressed that God would avenge such behavior with hellfire. Like bolstering their religious authority, those who killed Jesus protected their economic interests as they had him arrested, tried, and executed.

Jesus’ cast his objections to wealth very narrowly. He did not identify the pursuit and accumulation of wealth as inherently selfish or unethical, nor did he perceive the wealthy as necessarily animated by greed or cruelty. Instead, Jesus critiqued wealth to the extent that the accumulation and possession of wealth shaped a person’s posture toward God, specifically that: 1. attention focused on wealth was not attention paid to God; 2. labor and material success made one independent of God and; 3. the enjoyment of and prestige associated with wealth was contrary to the model of suffering that Jesus promoted. For Jesus, the possession of material wealth was potentially more sinful than a single act one might commit, such as adultery.
In Luke 12: 13-21, Jesus illustrated this. Asked for advice about an inheritance dispute, Jesus expresses that it is not for him to mediate “covetousness.” Rather, Jesus warns the crowd gathered not to focus on material possessions with the following parable:

The ground of a certain rich man brought forth plentifully: And he thought within
himself saying, What shall I do, because I have no room where to bestow my
fruits? And he said. This will I do: I will pull down my barns, and build greater;
and there will I bestow all my fruits and my goods. And I will say to my soul,
Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years; take thine ease, eat, drink,
and be merry. But God said unto him, Thou fool, this night thy soul shall be
required of thee: when whose shall those things be, which thou hast provided?
So is he that layeth up treasure for himself and is nor rich toward God.”[vi]

The rich man’s extensive possessions and his self-satisfaction are forms of material “fullness” that Jesus condemned in Luke (“But woe unto you that are rich! For ye have received your consolation .

Woe unto you that are full! For ye shall hunger.”) Accumulating wealth is condemnable when it demonstrates that one is serving “mammon” (riches, material wealth) rather than God. Jesus warned, “No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon.” By devoting himself to mammon and accumulating wealth, the rich man offended God. Because the rich man was serving himself rather than God, God obtained revenge by killing the man, stripping him of his possessions, and forcing him to contemplate other men owning his wealth. “[T]hen whose shall those things be, which thou hast provided? So is he that layeth up treasure for himself and is nor rich toward God.”[vii] Having toiled in the service of the material - cultivating his land, calculating his investments, and supervising his laborers - rather than developing a relationship with God, the rich man had no heavenly savings account to draw on at his death. Jesus warned that the material is transitory and undependable while a relationship with God is ever-lasting. In this parable, God is so affronted by the rich man’s complacency and poor judgment that He gives him foreknowledge of his death.

Jesus then radicalized his stance against wealth by announcing an invocation against labor. “Therefore he said unto his disciples. Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat; neither for the body, what ye shall put on.” Given that God provided food for the raven, decoration for the lilies of the field, and clothing for the grass, Jesus asked why men should not count on God to provide these things without their having to labor. “Seek ye the kingdom of God and all these things shall be added unto you.” For Jesus, labor was questionable because it involved a self-reliance in opposition to dependence on God. Not only accumulating wealth, but maintaining one’s subsistence compromised one’s devotion to God. Instead, Jesus instructed his followers to depend on God for food, clothing, and shelter rather than their own efforts, to “sell that ye have and give alms,” and to be “yourselves like unto men that wait for their lord, when he will return from the wedding . . . and will come forth and serve him.” Instead of enjoying what they produce, Jesus preached that the devout should never waver from attention and service to God, no matter how long the wait. “And if he shall come in the second watch, or come in the third watch, and find them so, blessed are those servants.” This was the only way that men could give God all the devotion that was due him and avoid God’s eternal punishments.[viii]
This kind of service is one that women learned from childhood through domestic labor. And, where the rich man was head of his household and only subject to the laws of the Roman state and god, even wealthy women were subject to the authority of their fathers or husbands. Owning agricultural property was almost entirely a male privilege during the Biblical period (the only exception to this were widows without sons). The freedom and independence material wealth provides enhances an individual’s self-sufficiency, something that Jesus found dangerous because it distracted one from service to God. Hence, the rich man’s self-satisfaction was peculiarly male. In contrast, the rich man’s “wife” (assuming he had one) could not make decisions regarding the construction of new barns, nor “eat, drink, and be merry” without her husband’s consent, nor were the rich man’s daughters free to control their own lives. Thus, the rich man of the parable was planning to enjoy a success to which only men had access.
Jesus cast submission and service in specifically feminine terms. God was the “bridegroom” and men and women collectively “the bride.” For males to be in the position of the human bride to God’s bridegroom, they needed to stop superintending their wealth, give their possessions away, and stop working for their basic needs. As long as men tried to be a “bridegroom” themselves, they were lost and damned. Jesus instructed his disciples to engage in loving service to God much like the way the woman with the alabaster ointment serviced him. For the woman, service was washing and anointing the feet of Jesus. In the case of the apostles, service was waiting for God’s grace. It was only by giving up specifically male ambitions that they could hope to love God as completely as God demanded and thereby avoid the violence of God’s judgment.[ix]

Jesus elaborates on this theme in Luke 16:19-26 with another parable about a rich man whose wealth blocks his path to heaven:

There was a certain rich man, which was clothed in purple and fine linen, and fared sumptuously every day: And there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, which was laid at his gate, full of sores, And desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table: moreover the dogs came and licked his sores. And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham's bosom: the rich man also died, and was buried; And in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments, and seeth Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom. And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame. But Abraham said, Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things: but now he is comforted, and thou art tormented. And beside all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed: so that they which would pass from hence to you cannot; neither can they pass to us, that would come from thence.

Here, the rich man is condemned because he was “clothed in purple and fine linen,” “fared sumptuously every day,” and “receivedst thy good things.” In contrast, the beggar Lazarus, whose degraded form Jesus describes in detail, seems to be embraced by Abraham because he suffered. Jesus explains that Lazarus was not only covered with sores, but his sores were licked by dogs. Lazarus resembled an inert carcass, in a state of living death—unable to provide for himself, completely dependent on others, unable even to keep the dogs off of him. Like the woman with the alabaster ointment and the Syro-Phoenician woman, Lazarus’ suffering favored him for redemption in a way that was impossible for the wealthy. Because he was unable to act as a “man” and either earn his living or enjoy possessions, nothing impeded his relationship and service to God while those men who found comfort in the world were doomed to the flames. “Woe unto you that are rich for you have received your consolation.” (Luke 6: 24)
Similarly, in Mark 10:17 Jesus shares the story of a rich young man who asked him, “Good Master, what shall I do that I may inherit eternal life?” The young man, when questioned, explained that he followed all of God’s commandments. Jesus then said, “One thing thou lackest: go thy way, sell whatever thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, take up the cross, and follow me (Mark 10:21).” Unable to part with his possession, the young man sadly left Jesus. That he decided to keep his wealth rather than give it to the poor indicated that he put more “trust” in or received more “comfort” from his wealth than he did from God. The same was the case with the rich man in purple. Wealth is a burden preventing individuals from entering heaven. And, it was the response of this young man that inspired Jesus to make his famous denunciation, “It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God (Mark 10:25).” Ultimately, Jesus condemned the possession of property because it both controlled the labor of men and women, and focused attention on mammon rather than heaven.

Jesus not only attacked property by promising eternal damnation to the rich, he chased the vendors out of the Temple almost immediately upon entering Jerusalem. Angry that merchants and money-changers had turned his house into “a den of thieves” (Mark 11:17), Jesus overturned their tables and drove them out of the temple before beginning to preach. Jesus perceived the Pharisees as greedy for wealth in the form of the “temple tax,” or tithe paid by Jews both in Judea and abroad, rather than the “weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith” that should have been the focus of their piety. Even the religious authorities valued mammon at the expense of God. After this incident, the chief priests and scribes renewed their plotting to kill Jesus. The text of Matthew implies that they were seeking to execute Jesus in the name of a general commitment to wealth—the wealth of the religious establishment - but also the wealth of any male head of family who had accumulated property through his own labor or superintending the labor of others.[x] Consequently, when the religious authorities had Jesus arrested after he drove the money changers out of the temple, they were acting on behalf of all men of wealth and property as well as religious orthodoxy.

Family
As strong as his attacks on wealth and the hypocrisy of the Pharisees, Jesus assaulted family ties, particularly the patriarchal father/son bond, even more powerfully. Like the pursuit of wealth or status, attention paid to familial responsibilities threatened an individual’s devotion to God. As a result, Jesus continually reminded his followers and potential followers to abandon their families and follow him. Jesus demanded of those working for their fathers, like James and John, to leave immediately. He instructed followers to abandon funeral preparations, refused to let them say good-bye to families, and cautioned them to forget any affection they held for anyone other than himself and God. Because of this, Jesus expected the families of his followers to seek revenge on their children for leaving, and on Jesus for taking them away. Indeed, the violence and retaliation Jesus expected from families shaped his conception of his future suffering and ultimate execution. In this sense, Jesus both precipitated and anticipated the revenge of the fathers against the son(s).

The first indication of Jesus’ attitude toward family bonds occurs at the beginning of his ministry when he gathers his disciples, “Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men (Matthew 4:19).” James and John immediately leave their father Zebedee’s fishing boat in the middle of mending nets. James and John were under their father’s authority in the family fishing enterprise, and their labor was most likely an important part of the father’s success. One or both of them would have been heir to their father’s property as well. In calling the men away, Jesus superseded their father’s authority. For Jesus, obligation and love were zero-sum games. If the men felt called to follow Jesus, they had to leave Zebedee, and leave him “immediately,” disregarding any claim Zebedee might have on them. Jesus allowed no compromise for James and John to ease Zebedee’s burden. Similarly, if the disciples were to love Jesus, they must withdraw love for their father, giving Zebedee no notice and making no departing gesture of any kind.[xi]
The family ties of his followers and potential followers posed two kinds of problems for Jesus. First, family connections resembled property in that they created attachments that hindered men and women from devoting themselves fully to God. In some cases, family connections also served as a form of social capital (or wealth) stored up and spent in this world not in the afterlife. Second, love felt for families competed with the love for Jesus and God. For Jesus, a proper love for God emerged from an understanding of oneself as a sinner, bereft and debased. In contrast, familial love is a sticky web of mutually reinforcing blood ties involving such expectations as care of the sick, fraternal love, cooperation in the household, and loyalties along hierarchical lines. These expectations and responsibilities must be rejected to fully serve God.

For example, in Matthew 10: 34, Jesus proclaims:

I came not to send peace but a sword, for I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother, and the daughter in law against her mother in law. And a man’s foes shall be they of his own household. He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me, and he that taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is not worthy of me.”

Again, love for Jesus requires withdrawing love from families. This is the sword rather than splits man from father and daughter from mother. In Matthew, love for Jesus takes absolute priority over all other relations, shocking families such that “a man’s foes shall be they of his own household.” Luke 9 reiterates this message when Jesus encounters a man who wants to follow him but also wants to return home to bid farewell to those at his house. Jesus replies that “no man, having put his hand to the plough, and looking back, is it fit for the kingdom of God.”
In Luke 14, Jesus gives the prioritizes God over family with a particularly harsh twist:
“if any man come to me and hate not his father and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple. And whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come after me, cannot be my disciple.[xii]

Here, Jesus not only demands that men withdraw themselves from their families, but makes hatred of their families the standard by which he judges the legitimacy of their commitment to him. Jesus expresses a similar belief that families would seek revenge on his followers in Luke 21 when he tells his followers that “ye shall be betrayed both by parents, and brethren, and kinfolks, and friends; and some of you shall they cause to be put to death. And ye shall be hated of all men for my name’s sake.” [xiii] Withdrawal of love, the advocation to hate one’s relatives and, more significantly, withdrawal from participation in kinship exchanges, casts the relatives of the followers of Jesus into enemies.

In Matthew 10: 34-38, love is portrayed as a mutual relationship in which the parties adapt several roles and exchange many kinds of things. A man can be simultaneously a son who loves a father, a husband who loves a wife, and a father who loves a son. Indeed, Jesus portrays families as webs of different kinds of love in which a wide variety of mutual services, gestures, tokens of affection, and rituals are exchanged and in which a wide variety of meaningful events are shared (weddings, funerals, births, coming of age ceremonies, etc.). When a man or woman comes to love Jesus, the new follower takes him or herself out of the web of family involvement. Perhaps more importantly, the new disciple ceases to function and experience himself or herself as “father,” “mother,” “brother,” and “sister.” Jesus himself emphasized that he no longer considered his mother Mary to be his mother or his brother to be “brethren.” His viewed his “family” only in terms of those involved with him in his ministry. Thus, family members have a strong motive to perceive Jesus as a threat.

Unlike religious authority and wealth, men did not have a monopoly over family affections. Consequently, fathers, husbands, and brothers would not have been the only people who had reason to despise Jesus for breaking up their families. Sisters, mothers, aunts, and daughters-in-law would have had reason to hate Jesus as well. Nevertheless, the New Testament provides evidence that Jesus focused his attack on families on fathers, in particular, and males more generally. For example, when young man asked to attend his father’s burial before joining him, Jesus coldly replied “let the dead bury their dead: but go thou and preach the kingdom of God” (Luke 9:60). Here, Jesus not only expressed a casual contempt for the unconverted (and therefore “the dead”), but a thorough-going derision of any loyalties, respect, reverence, or attachment—in other words, love-- that the young man would have had for his father.[xiv]
Further, Jesus preached against many of the behaviors by which males sought to defend their family’s interest and honor. In patriarchal societies like ancient Judea, the “honor” of the family reflects the honor of the male head of the household. Upholding the family “honor” entailed avenging insults and assaults on the family as well as maintaining and increasing a family’s property and social standing. Jesus forbade such practices, especially an ethic of revenge, in the Sermon on the Mount. He instructed followers to “resist not evil,” “bless them that curse you,” and “turn the other cheek.” In this, Jesus implicitly condemned any kind of revenge on those who attacked either them or other members of their families. Moreover, by insisting that men give those who sued them more than is asked, Jesus also denied the efforts of heads of households (who would have been the only ones to have the right to sue) to defend their families economic interests.

In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus urges people to stop judging others, to strive even to love not just their “neighbors” but their “enemies” as well. Neighbors, enemies, family members, fathers and brothers, Jesus leveled the playing field saying no relationship was more important than the other, and none so important as one’s relationship to God. Thus, Jesus insisted that men treat their enemies and the enemies of their families as well as they treated their wives, sons, daughters, mothers, and fathers, if not, they traveled the broad way that “leadeth to destruction.” In this sense, the imprecations of Jesus against families applied especially to the men who had the right, duty, and privilege to defend the interests and honor of families. As a result, Jesus would reasonably have expected the vengeance of families on his followers to come primarily from the men.[xv]

As fathers and the heads of households, males also would have been the ones who represented the interests of the family in seeking revenge on Jesus. In John 17, Jesus emphasized that “thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee.” In a similar way, human fathers were “in” their wives, sons, daughters, and mothers in the sense that all of their actions reflected on the father as the head of the household in a patriarchal society. Likewise, wives, sons, daughters, and mothers were “in” male heads of households to the extent that their prominence and social standing derived from the prestige of the father. Consequently, any family betrayal directly impacted the social standing of the father as the head of the household who was also responsible for reporting misdeeds to local religious authorities. While mothers, daughters, and sisters would experience betrayal and loss, they did not have the authority or responsibility to act publicly. Because the families were the strongest principle of competition for the love that Jesus sought to direct toward himself, Jesus expected families, particularly male heads of households, to be the most implacable agents of revenge on him and those who followed him.

The Apostles
The twelve male disciples were a discouraging test case for Jesus’ doctrine. He had personally recruited and taught them, performed miracles of healing and exorcism that demonstrated his divine powers, and gave each the power to heal and cast out demons. However, the male disciples struggled to understand and adopt Jesus’ doctrine, especially his prophecies of his own death and resurrection. Like the Pharisees, the male disciples focused on their own reputations and prestige. Rather than adopting the model of loving service exemplified in the story of the woman with the alabaster ointment, or finding sanctity in being the “least” among men and serving others, the male disciples sought to inflate their own importance through their association with Jesus in the same way that the Pharisees sought to magnify their importance through observance of the Law. They boasted that they would protect Jesus from his fate, argued repeatedly among themselves about who should be “greatest,” and petitioned Jesus to be allowed to sit by his side. Proud, ambitious, greedy, confused and fearful through Jesus’ arrest, execution and resurrection, the male disciples chose masculinity over Jesus.
The image of Simon and Andrew leaving their nets when Jesus calls them to be “fishers of men,’ powerfully demostrates that they recognized some spark of divinity in Jesus. And, while the disciples called Jesus as Master, Lord, Savior, Teacher and Christ, they also frequently expressed doubt about Jesus’ identity. The apostles’ doubt and fear become more visible as Jesus’ execution draws closer. Early in his ministry, as Matthew details, Jesus served as a kind of strolling healer of the sick and exorciser of demons. “And his fame went throughout all Syria; and they brought unto him all sick people that were taken with diverse diseases and torments, and those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatic . . . and he healed them.” (Matthew 4:24) Peter, Andrew, John, James, and other disciples accompanying Jesus on his journey witnessed many miracles and heard Jesus preach “the kingdom of god” to “great multitudes.” Jesus even cured Priscilla, the wife of Peter of a menstrual bleeding illness, which at the time would have been not only physically debilitating to Priscilla, but also socially isolating to both Peter and Priscilla as a couple. Jewish law dictated that menstruating women were unclean while menstruating and for seven days after. In spite of repeated exposure to Jesus’ teachings to have faith in him in all things, the disciples were quick to doubt. For example, the disciples feared for their lives when a violent storm broke as they crossed the Sea of Galilee. Jesus rebuked them for this, “Why do you fear, o ye of little faith.” And, when Jesus calmed the storm, the disciples still “marvelled . . . that even the winds and the sea obey him.”
After this, Jesus performed even greater miracles. He shared his powers to heal the sick and cast out devils with his chief male disciples and dozens of other followers so that they could begin their own missions to the cities of Palestine. He walked on water and provided food for five thousand people out of seven loaves of bread and some fish. Finally, Jesus took Peter, James, and John to a mountaintop where he was transfigured into a celestial being with the prophets Moses and Elijah flanking him. At the same time, each heightened manifestations of his divinity illuminated some weakness of faith in the disciples. When Jesus appeared beside their boat walking on the water, he invited Peter to come out with him, but ended up chiding him for lack of faith when Peter’s doubts caused him to begin sinking. Similarly, even though they observed Jesus feed five thousand people with a few loaves and fishes, the male disciples still worried when food suppies ran low. Jesus rebuked them: “Do ye not understand, neither remember the five loaves of the five thousand, and how many baskets ye took up: Neither the seven loaves of the four thousand, and how many baskets ye took up?” Unless they were actually witnessing a miracle, the male disciples doubted Jesus’ sovreignity.

In another example, male disciples illustrated a failure of faith in Jesus when they were unable cure an insane boy. Jesus explained this: “Because of your unbelief: for verily I say unto you. If ye have faith as a grain of mustard seed, ye shall say unto this mountain, remove hence to yonder place, and it shall remove and nothing shall be impossible unto you.” (Matthew 17:20) Jesus perceived the disciples’ lack of faith in their ability to cure diseases and cast out devils to stem from their lack of faith in his divinity, a failure Jesus felt exemplified the faithlessness of a whole generation. “O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you? How long shall I suffer you?” (Matthew 17:17)

The apostles did acknowledge Jesus’ divinity. When Jesus asked what he was, Peter readily answered, “The Christ, the Son of the Living God.” As a reward for this deminstration of faith, Jesus promised that Peter would be the rock on which Jesus’ church would be built. (Matthew 16: 16-19). However, the male disciples used the proclamation of Jesus’ divinity as an opportunity for them to cash in on the social capital they received from their association with Jesus. In Matthew, the mother of James and John approached Jesus to ask her sons to be allowed to sit on the right and left hand of Jesus. In the Gospel of Mark, James and John themselves petitioned Jesus. The spirit of ambition gripped the other disciples as well. Arguments about which one among the disciples was greatest continued even the evening Jesus was arrested. In a way, Peter was the most obstreperous and uncomprehending, arguing with Jesus that he would save him, and later bragging during the last supper that he would die with Jesus if he were condemned to death. The disciples acted much like the Pharisees by valuing prestige, power, and their connections in direct opposition to Jesus’ teachings. Indeed, in response to Peter’s claims that Jesus would not be allowed to die, Jesus addressed Peter in the same language he used against the Pharisees. “Get thee behind me Satan: thou art an offence unto me; for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but those that be of men.” (Matthew 16: 23)

Jesus used the ambitions of the male disciples as “teaching moments” in which he defined the kingdom of God in terms of humility and suffering. Overhearing the disciples arguing among themselves over who was greatest, (Mark 9: 32, 35), Jesus taught that those who should desire to be “first” would end up “last.” Jesus stressed that his “kingdom” was not like Rome, “the great” did not exercise authority over the others. Rather, the “chiefest” of the disciples would be “servant of all.” (Mark 10:44) To this end, Jesus encouraged his followers to model the open attitude of children. He said: “Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of god as a little child shall not enter therein.” Jesus stressed that he himself came to minister to or serve others and give his life as a ransom.

However, the chief male disciples struggled to internalize this message of humility and service. When Jesus pronounced the doctrine of his death and resurrection, the male disciples routinely expressed their confusion and lack of comprehension. When Jesus announced upon his entrance to Jerusalem that he would “be delivered unto the Gentiles, and shall be mocked and spitefully entreated, and spitted on . . . and they shall scourge him, and put him to death and the third day he shall rise again,” the disciples “understood none of these things.” (Luke 18: 31-34) Their confusion continued through the last Supper and beyond. During this meal Jesus explained that he would soon die, a sacrifice for the sake of them all, and, further, that one of them at the table would betray him. Jesus broke the bread and declared that the bread was his body “which is given for [the disciples] and then after the supper took the cup of wine and stated that the cup was “the new testament of my blood which is shed for you.” There’s a strong sense in which this was the crucible for the male disciples. Would they grasp the message of Jesus as a god who sacrificed himself for them and demanded that they sacrifice themselves by taking up their crosses as well? Or would they demonstrate a greater faith in the things of men and the world as they had many times before?

And, at this tipping point, they reverted to displays of material prestige and social power. After inquiring who would betray Jesus, the disciples began to argue “which of them should be accounted the greatest.” This was too much for Jesus who spent the rest of the supper desperately haranguing the men. First, Jesus discussed how “he that is chief” would be serving others rather than having others serve him much as Jesus the Son of God served them. “I am among you as he that serveth.” He spoke with Peter about his hope that he would “strengthen thy brethren” after he was converted. Peter responded with proud blustering about how he would go to prison or death with Jesus, a monologue Jesus interrupted by revealing that Peter would deny him three times before morning. Finally, Jesus reminded the men that he had once sent them forth without “purse and scrip and shoes,” and encouraged them now to take their scrip and buy a sword. When the men produced two swords of their own as if they were going to fight, Jesus finally proclaimed “it is enough” and left the room altogether.

In Luke, when Jesus went into the Garden of Olives, all the disciples except Judas followed him, and they stood a stone’s throw off as he prayed in “agony . . . and his sweat as it were great drops of blood falling to the ground.” The best analogy to the agony Jesus experienced was that characterized by the woman with the alabaster ointment, lepers, beggars, and the dying men and women that Jesus had healed during his ministry. Praying in the Garden of Gethsemane, Jesus felt the weight of pollution, ostracism, betrayal, or impending pain and death that had characterized all those he healed and humankind more generally. According to scripture, Jesus was preparing to meet his fate to become the least of the least, a condemned and crucified criminal. While Jesus prayed that, “if thou be willing, remove this cup from me (Luke 22:42),” the disciples slept even though he had asked them to stand watch over him. While Judas Iscariot directly betrayed Jesus to the chief priests and the Temple guard, the other disciples demonstrated a profound thickheadedness about Jesus’ primary teachings. They acted oblivious to Jesus’ suffering, and thus oblivious to his doctrine. When the disciples abandoned him after his arrest, they demonstrated that they valued their own lives as men over the faith in the redemptive sacrifice that Jesus had taught them. They also left him bereft and isolated as he faced the power of the Jewish religious authorities and the Roman administration.

According to biblical accounts, the male disciples avoided Jesus (except for John in the Gospel of John) until he appeared to them in his resurrection. They were not in the crowd that urged Pilate to spare Barabbas and execute Jesus, nor did they follow Jesus to the cross, bear witness while he was crucified, visit the tomb, or believe in his resurrection when informed by Mary Magdalene and other women. Jesus had taught that “whosoever shall seek to save his life shall lose it; and whosoever shall lose his life shall preserve it.” (Luke 17:33) If they had embraced Jesus’ doctrine, the male disciples would have died with Jeus.

Only the women among Jesus’ followers accompanied him as he was being marched to execution and stayed with him during his crucifixion. The key to the betrayal and abandonment of the male disciples was their loyalty to male privilege. Torn between Jesus’ message and social prestige, wealth, and family, Peter, James, John, and the other male disciples chose their allegiances as men over their faith in Jesus. For Jesus, the followers around him were his family. The fact that his closest male disciples chose the priorities of men over Jesus was just as much a mortification of his person as his arrest, interrogation, scourging at the hands of the Romans, and crucifixion on the cross. Because their primary commitment was to the male privileges of social prestige, authority, and religious sanctity, the male disciples rejected the concept of divinity taught to them by Jesus and then abandoned Jesus in his hour of need. Like the Pharisees and other religious authorities, the most prominent male disciples represented the interests of all men as they played their parts in the killing of Jesus. .

Conclusion
The ministry of Jesus challenged the patriarchal super structure of the time, assaulting male and class identity and privilege. As a result, Jesus made enemies of those men whose privileges he condemned as opposing the kingdom of God. This includes the fathers of his disciples he recruited away from family enterprises, men who possessed wealth and property, all those men who sought to uphold male honor through the ethic of revenge, the Pharisees and Scribes who enforced the religious laws, the high priests who managed the financial enterprises of the Temple, and the Roman authorities who counted on their subjects to pursue their self-interest.
Jesus viewed concern with social status, wealth and family as attachments to the world which prevented people from devotion to god. Because of this, Jesus offered blistering criticisms of the Pharisees, scribes, priests, and the wealthy. He then generalized the principles behind these criticisms to prescribe other kinds of male behavior like labor, property accumulation, and revenge. Jesus was also implacable in his demands that the men who followed him abandon their families. And to lend the utmost in practical consequences to his warnings, Jesus threatened his targets with the constant specter of hellfire and damnation.

Men killed Jesus because he attacked three core areas of male privilege—religious authority, property, and family. This male privilege perpetuated itself through a capital of external wealth, social respect, and self-esteem. As a result, when various descriptions of men—the Pharisees, scribes, temple priests, temple soldiers, Roman authorities, and Roman soldiers—killed Jesus, they did so in the name of all men. Even Jesus’ disciples were implicated deeply in the crucifixion. Judas betrayed Jesus to the Roman authorities, Peter denied Jesus three times, and the rest of Jesus twelve closest male followers seemed to abandon him in his hour of need. When faced with the choice of joining Jesus in martyrdom or adhering to the world of male privilege, the male disciples all chose male privilege and patriarchy. The only followers who stayed with Jesus through his death were women like Mary his mother and Mary Magdalene and indeed it was women who were privileged to receive the first news of the resurrection. Where the male followers ultimately identified with the general male interest in killing Jesus, his female followers were in a better position to grasp the message of resurrection. Perhaps the men who killed Jesus did so in the name of all men.

[i]Luke 7: 44-46, The New Testament of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ with Psalms and Proverbs, Commonly known as the Authorized (King James Version), National Publishing, 1968. All subsequent New Testament citations from same edition.
[ii]Matthew 5:3; Matthew 23: 11-12; John 13: 4-5.
[iii]Matthew 23: 5-7; Luke 6: 25; Luke 7:47. In Luke 18, Jesus makes a similar comparison between a Pharisee and a tax collector. For popularity of Pharisees, see Timothy A. Friedrichsen, The Temple, a Pharisee, a Tax Collector, and the Kingdom of God,” Journal of Biblical Literature, Spring2005, Vol. 124, Issue 1, 109-110.
[iv]For efforts by the Pharisees to extent dietary prescriptions, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisees.

[v]Matthew 23: 11-12.
[vi]Luke 12:16-21.
[vii]Luke 6: 24-25; Matthew 6: 24;
[viii]Luke 12:22; Matthew 6: 25-30; Luke 12:38.
[ix]Matthew 9:15.
[x]Luke 8: 31-37; Matthew 23: 14, 23.
[xi]Matthew 4:21.
[xii]Luke 14:25.
[xiii]Luke 21: 16-17
[xiv]Luke 9: 60.

[xv]Matthew 5: 39-44; Matthew 7: 1-2, 13-14.

Is Feminism Dead?

2007-11-27T04:45:00.000-08:00

Is feminism dead?
Posted by Courtney E. Martin
27 November 2007

What picture pops into your mind when you read the word feminist? Is it a woman layered in petticoats with a big, swooping hat, picketing the white house for her right to vote? Is it Gloria Steinem in her aviator glasses, sleek, straight hair hanging down both sides of her pretty face?

These are the dominant images that so many people associate with feminist history, and for good reason. The first image—the suffragist—represents the so-called “first wave” of feminist history. These women, philosophizing and organizing, from the late 1800s through the 1930s, were primarily focused on legal and institutional changes that would allow women to gain more power and autonomy.

The “second wave,” then, was most active in the 1960s and 1970s, and was concerned with social and psychological liberation (think dishes, contraception, and objectification). This era is best explained by its most effective slogan: the personal is the political. (Disclaimer: This, of course, is only a modern western history I’m referring to. Feminism has taken all kinds of triumphant and fascinating forms in other parts of the world, at other times.)

But what about now? Is feminism, as Time magazine and other short-sighted publications like to claim, dead?

Well of course not. My vibrant community of feminist friends and I are, last time I checked, breathing. Our hearts are pumping new feminist blood. Our minds—the most educated in history—are formulating visions of what feminism can and will be in the twenty-first century.
We are sometimes called “third wave,” though perhaps it could even be argued we are the fourth, after our Gen X older sisters and mentors (women like Deborah Siegel, Daisy Hernandez, Jennifer Baumgardner, Amy Richards, Sarah Jones, etc.).

My vision of feminism is defined by three major components: educated choice, genuine equality, and radical authenticity. Ask my friend Jessica or my pal Daniel and you will get slightly different answers, but you can bet that we’ll all be talking in the same general language and in the same philosophical country.

Educated choice: Both men and women need to have access to choices and, even more, they need to have the tools necessary to make good choices. It is not enough to just say that women should have access to abortions, for example. They also need to know all of their options and feel like they have a full understanding of the health risks and quality of life issues that each entails; they also need to have the economic provisions to make whichever choice fits their lives and values best.

Genuine Equality: We all deserve the same opportunities, the same access. This is a pretty straight forward concept in theory, but in practice, it is hellishly complicated. Take something like U.S. college admissions. Sure anyone can apply to Harvard, but not everyone comes from a family that can pay for an SAT tutor or has the cultural capital to encourage college. Until the U.S., and other western industrialized countries, recognize the way that networks and subtle class/race/gender dynamics influence supposedly non-discriminatory institutions, our work will not be done.

Radical authenticity: This facet of feminism gets talked about far too little in my opinion. A visionary twenty-first century feminism should aim to support both men and women to be their most authentic selves in the world, shedding prescribed gender roles and really getting in touch with their authentic desires, passions, and ethics. Feminist workplaces, for example, would nurture both men and women having present relationships with their children and fulfilling work lives. Men should be empowered to express a complex range of emotions, just as women must learn how to handle conflict healthily and assertively and take care of themselves, not just everyone else.

The most exciting thing about feminism, is that it is ultimately about leading more fulfilling, ethical, joyful lives, characterized by more healthy and genuine relationships. Who could argue with that?

What Feminism Isn't

2007-11-27T04:07:00.001-08:00

Ugly, boring and angry?
Posted by Courtney E. Martin

As I travel across the country speaking about feminist issues I like to take a quick survey of the audiences. I ask them “What are the stereotypes you’ve heard about feminists?”After a few timid moments, folks start shouting a flood of unsavory characteristics: ugly, bitchy, man-hating, boring, angry, bra-burning.

The wild thing is that whether I am in a lecture hall in Jacksonville, Illinois, or a woman’s club in suburban New Jersey, or an immigration center in Queens, New York, whether I am among 15 year-olds, or 25 year-olds, or 60 year-olds, whether the crowd of faces that I see are mostly white, or mostly of color, or a welcome mix of all—this list tends to be almost identical.

I tell those in the audiences as much, and then I ask, “So how did all of you—from such vastly different backgrounds—get the exactly same stereotypes about feminism? Why would feminism be so vilified?”And to this they usually shrug their shoulders.

I believe that feminism has attracted so many unsavory stereotypes because of its profound power and potential. It has gained such a reputation, been so inaccurately demonized, because it promises to upset one of the foundations on which this world, its corporations, its families, and its religions are based—gender roles.

If you asked diverse audiences to give you stereotypes about Protestantism, for example, you would have some groups that starred at you blank-faced and some that might have a jab or two.

If you asked about the history of civil rights, even, you would get a fairly innocuous, probably even partly accurate sense of the progress afforded by sit-ins, freedom rides, and protests. But you ask about feminism and the whole room erupts with media-manufactured myths, passed down from generation to generation. Some of these stereotypes can be traced to events or controversial figures in the women’s movement, though they are still perversions. That whole bra-burning thing came out of the 1968 Miss America protests in which feminists paraded one another around like cattle to show the dehumanizing effects of beauty pageants, but they didn’t actually burn any bras.

There have surely been some feminists who despised men and advocated for female-only spaces; others have undoubtedly resorted to an angry m.o.; there were probably even a few shabby dressers (though, I have to tell you, us third-wave gals tend to be pretty snappy).
More recently one of the most pervasive misperceptions about what feminism purports to do is actually perpetuated by strong, intelligent women; I refer to the mistaken belief that feminism is solely about achievement, competition, and death-defying acrobatics (sometimes called multitasking). I like to think of this as “shoulder-pad feminism”—the do it all, all at once circus act that so many of my friends and I witnessed growing up in households headed by superwomen.

The ugly truth about superwomen, my generation has come to realize, is that they tend to be exhausted, self-sacrificing, unsatisfied, and sometimes even self-loathing and sick. Feminism—and the progress it envisions—was never supposed to compromise women’s health. It was supposed to lead to richer, more enlightened, authentic lives characterized by a deep sense of wellness.

Feminism in its most glorious, transformative, inclusive sense, is not about man-hating, nor is it about superwomen. For what it is, come back tomorrow…

Getting Off--An Excerpt

2007-11-19T06:05:00.000-08:00

The following is an excerpt from Getting Off: Pornography and the End of Masculinity, by Robert Jensen.

King of the Hill

The object of the children's game King of the Hill is to be the one who remains on top of the hill (or, if not an actual hill, a large pile of anything or the center of any designated area). To do that, one has to repel those who challenge the king's supremacy. The king has to push away all the other kids who charge the hill. That can be done in a friendly spirit with an understanding that a minimal amount of force will be used by all, or it can be violent and vicious, with both the king and the challengers allowed to use any means necessary. Games that start with such a friendly understanding can often turn violent and vicious. This scenario is also used in some video games, in which a player tries to control a specific area for a predetermined amount of time.

In my experience, both male and female children can, and did, play King of the Hill, but it was overwhelmingly a game of male children. It's one of the games that train male children to be men. No matter who is playing, it is a game of masculinity. King of the Hill reveals one essential characteristic of the dominant conception of masculinity: No one is ever safe, and everyone loses something.

Most obviously, this King-of-the-Hill masculinity is dangerous for women. It leads men to seek to control "their" women and define their own pleasure in that control, which leads to epidemic levels of rape and battery. But this view of masculinity is toxic for men as well.

One thing is immediately obvious about King-of-the-Hill masculinity: Not everyone can win. In fact, by definition in this conception of masculinity, there's only one real man at any given moment. In a system based on hierarchy, by definition there can be only one person at the top of the hierarchy. There's only one King of the Hill.

In this conception of masculinity, men are in constant struggle with each other for dominance. Every other man must in some way be subordinated to the king, but even the king can't feel too comfortable -- he has to be nervous about who is coming up that hill to get him. This isn't just a game, of course. A friend who once worked on Wall Street, one of the preeminent sites of masculine competition in the business world, described coming to work as like "walking into a knife fight when all the good spots along the wall were taken." Every day you faced the possibility of getting killed -- figuratively, in business terms -- and there was no spot you could stand where your back was covered. This is masculinity lived as endless competition and threat. Whatever the benefits of it, whatever power it gives one over others, it's also exhausting and, in the end, unfulfilling.

No one man created this system. Perhaps no man, if given a real choice, would choose it. But we live our lives in that system, and it deforms men, narrowing our emotional range and depth, and limiting our capacity to experience the rich connections with others -- not just with women and children, but with other men -- which require vulnerability but make life meaningful. The Man Who Would Be King is the Man Who Is Broken and Alone.

That toxic masculinity hurts men doesn't mean it's equally dangerous for men and women. As feminists have long pointed out, there's a big difference between women dealing with the constant threat of being raped, beaten, and killed by the men in their lives, and men not being able to cry. But we can see that the short-term material gains that men get in patriarchy -- the name for this system of male dominance -- are not adequate compensation for what we men give up in the long haul, which is to surrender part of our humanity to the project of dominance.
This doesn't mean, of course, that in this world all men have it easy. Other systems of dominance and oppression -- white supremacy, heterosexism, predatory corporate capitalism -- mean that non-white men, gay men, poor and working-class men suffer in various ways. A feminist analysis doesn't preclude us from understanding those problems but in fact helps us see them more clearly.

What feminism is and isn't to me

Each fall in my seminar class for first-year students at the University of Texas, I lead a discussion about gender politics that will sound familiar to many teachers. I ask the students about their opinions about various gender issues, such as equal pay, sexual harassment, men's violence, and gender roles. Most of the women and some of the men express views that would be called feminist. But when I ask how many identify as feminists, out of the 15 students in any semester, no more than three (always women) have ever claimed the label. When I ask why, the typical answers are not about the political positions of feminism but the perception that feminism is weird and that weird people are feminists.

This pattern is no doubt connected to the assault on feminism in the mainstream culture, captured most succinctly in the phrase "femi-nazi" made popular by right-wing radio host Rush Limbaugh. One response to this by some feminists has been to find a least-common-denominator definition of the term, to reassure both men and women that feminism doesn't really aim to undermine established gender norms and isn't threatening to men. I believe that to be the wrong strategy. If feminism is to make a meaningful difference in the sex/gender crisis we face, and contribute to a broader social change so desperately needed, I believe it must be clear in its challenge to the existing order -- and that inevitably will be threatening to many men, at least at first. Feminism, then, should get more radical than ever.

In general, the term "radical" conjures up images of extremes, of danger, of people eager to tear things down. But radical has another meaning -- from the Latin, for root. Radical solutions are the ones that get to the root of the problem. When the systems in which we live are in crisis, the most honest confrontations with those systems have to be radical. At first glance, that honesty will seem frightening. Looking deeper, it is the radical ideas that offer hope, a way out of the crisis.

Because these ideas are denigrated in the dominant culture, it's important to define them. By feminist, I mean an analysis of the ways in which women are oppressed as a class in this society -- the ways in which men as a class hold more power, and how those differences in power systematically disadvantage women in the public and private spheres. Gender oppression plays out in different ways depending on social location, which makes it crucial to understand men's oppression of women in connection with other systems of oppression -- heterosexism, racism, class privilege, and histories of colonial and postcolonial domination.

By radical feminist, I mean the analysis of the ways that in this patriarchal system in which we live, one of the key sites of this oppression -- one key method of domination -- is sexuality. Two of the most well-known women who articulated a radical feminist view have been central to the feminist critique of pornography -- the writer Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, a lawyer and law professor. The feminist philosophy and politics that have shaped my thinking are most clearly articulated by those two and others with similar views.

What I also learned from this radical feminism is not just a way of critiquing men's domination of women but a broader approach to understanding systems of power and oppression. Feminism is not the only way into a broader critique of the many types of oppression, of course, but it is one important way, and was for me the first route into such a framework. My real political education started on the issue of gender and from there moved to issues of racial and economic injustice, the imperialist wars that flow out of that injustice, and the ecological crisis. Each system of power and oppression is unique in its own way, but there are certain features in common. Here's my summary:

How do we explain the fact that most people's stated philosophical and theological systems are rooted in concepts of justice, equality, and the inherent dignity of all people, yet we allow violence, exploitation, and oppression to flourish? Only a small percentage of people in any given society are truly sociopaths, engaging in cruel and oppressive behavior openly and with relish. Feminism helped me understand the complex process, which tends to work like this:

The systems and structures in which we live are hierarchical.

Hierarchical systems and structures deliver to those in the dominant class certain privileges, pleasures, and material benefits.

People are typically hesitant to give up such privileges, pleasures, and benefits.

But, those benefits clearly come at the expense of those in the subordinated class.

Given the widespread acceptance of basic notions of equality and human rights, the existence of hierarchy has to be justified in some way other than crass self-interest.

One of the most persuasive arguments for systems of domination and subordination is that they are "natural."

So, oppressive systems work hard to make it appear that the hierarchy -- and the disparity in power and resources that flow from hierarchy -- is natural and, therefore, beyond modification.

If men are naturally smarter and stronger than women, then patriarchy is inevitable and justifiable. If white people are naturally smarter and more virtuous than people of color, then white supremacy is inevitable and justifiable. If rich people are naturally smarter and harder working than poor people, then economic injustice is inevitable and justifiable. And, if human beings have special status in the universe, justified either on theological or biological grounds, then humans' right to extract from the rest of Creation whatever they like is inevitable and

justifiable.

For unjust hierarchies, and the illegitimate authority that is exercised in them, maintaining their own naturalness is essential. Not surprisingly, people in the dominant class exercising the power gravitate easily to such a view. And because of their power to control key story-telling institutions (especially education and mass communication), those in the dominant class can fashion a story about the world that leads some portion of the people in the subordinate class to internalize the ideology.

For me, feminism gave me a way to see through not only male dominance, but all the systems of illegitimate authority. I saw the fundamental strategy they held in common, and saw that if we could more into a space in which we were true to our stated ideals, we would reject those systems as anti-human. All these systems cause suffering beyond the telling. All of them must be resisted. The connections between them must be understood.

Enforcing masculinity

Systems of oppression are interlocked and enmeshed; perhaps the classic example is the way in which white men identify black men as a threat to the sexual purity of white women, requiring white men to maintain control of both black people and white women. While keeping in mind those connections, we can train our attention on how each individual power system operates.

This book attempts such a focus on masculinity. The King-of-the-Hill Masculinity I have described is articulated and enforced in a variety of places in contemporary culture, most notably athletics, the military, and business, with underpinnings in the dominant monotheistic religions. We can look at all those arenas and see how masculinity-as-dominance plays out. In all those endeavors, the quality of relationships and human values become secondary to control that leads to victory, conquest, and closing the deal.

We teach our boys that to be a man is to be tough, to be acquisitive, to be competitive, to be aggressive. We congratulate them when they make a tough hit on the football field that takes out an opponent. We honor them in parades when they return from slaughtering the enemy abroad. We put them on magazine covers when they destroy business competitors and make millions by putting people out of work. In short, we train boys to be cruel, to ignore the feelings of others, to be violent.

U.S. culture's most-admired male heroes reflect those characteristics: They most often are men who take charge rather than seek consensus, seize power rather than look for ways to share it, and are willing to be violent to achieve their goals. Victory is sweet. Conquest gives a sense of power. And after closing the deal, the sweet sense of power lingers.

Look around in the contemporary United States, and masculinity is paraded in front of us, sometimes in displays that border on self-parody:

George W. Bush dons a flight suit and lands on an aircraft carrier; the self-proclaimed "war president" announces victory (albeit somewhat prematurely). John Kerry, fearing a masculinity gap, serves up a hunting photo-op in the 2004 campaign to show that not only does he have combat experience that Bush lacks but still likes to fire a weapon.

Arnold Schwarzenegger moves from action-movie hero to governor of California, denigrating opponents he deems insufficiently tough as "girly men."

Donald Trump, a businessman famous mostly for being famous and attracting conventionally attractive female partners, boosts a sagging public image with "The Apprentice" television show that pits young wannabe executives against each other in cutthroat competition.

And then there is sex, where victory, conquest, and dealing come together, typically out of public view. Masculinity played out in sexual relationships, straight or gay, brings King of the Hill into our most intimate spaces. Again, this doesn't mean that every man in every sexual situation plays out this dominance, but simply that there exists a pattern. When I speak to mixed groups about these subjects, I often describe the sex-as-dominance paradigm, and then I ask the women in the room if they have any experience with men behaving in such fashion.

There is considerable rolling of the eyes and many exasperated sighs at that point. I present it in light-hearted fashion because to put it too harshly makes most mixed audiences very nervous.

And then there is pornography, where brings the private imposition of masculinity into public, putting King-of-the-Hill sex onto the screen.

Pornography's whisper to men

We think of the call of pornography as crass, like a carnival barker's. Like the neon lights of Times Square in its pornographic heyday. Men go to buy pornography in the "red-light" district, the "combat zone." Pornography seems to shout out at us, crudely.

But in reality, pornography speaks to men in a whisper. We pretend to listen to the barker shouting about women, but that is not the draw. What brings us back, over and over, is the voice in our ears, the soft voice that says, "It's OK, you really are a man, you really can be a man, and if you come into my world, it will all be there, and it will all be easy."

Pornography knows men's weakness. It speaks to that weakness, softly. Pornography ends up being about men's domination of women and about the ugly ways that men will take pleasure. But for most men, it starts with the soft voice that speaks to our deepest fear: That we aren't man enough.

Robert Jensen, Getting Off

2007-11-10T11:02:00.000-08:00

Pornography and the End of Masculinity
By Don Hazen, AlterNet. Posted September 22, 2007.
Mainstream porn has come up with more ways than ever to humiliate and degrade women. Why then, is porn more popular? Includes an excerpt from Robert Jensen's new book, Getting Off.

In his new book, Robert Jensen forces the reader to face the music about the effects of a porn industry gone gonzo and the need to reassess the trappings of masculinity as the source of increased violence against and degradation of women.

I have always been part of the collective liberal progressive libertarian value system that accepts pornography as a legitimate expression of the First Amendment. Part of that thinking is that women participate in porn films of their own free will and that porn often represents fantasies -- though sometimes quasiviolent or degrading -- that people actually have. So as long as people are merely acting in porn films and there is no coercion, or law-breaking, it is acceptable.

But I've changed my mind. No, I'm not a prude, or anti-sex. Nor do I think there should be a national campaign to snuff out all porn. In fact, I sometimes watch certain kinds of porn. But what has become clear to me is that, under the guise of the First Amendment, a huge and powerful porn industrial complex has grown out of control. And a big part of its growth is fueled, not just by the internet, but by continually upping the ante, increasing the extremes of degradation for the women in tens of thousands of films made every year. I am convinced, although it is, of course, difficult to document, that the huge audiences for porn and the pervasiveness of the themes and behaviors of degradation are having a negative impact on the way men behave and the way society treats women.

Sexism and attitudes toward women were supposed to have gotten better after the 1960s and the feminist movement. The sons of boomers were going to be different. And while perhaps that is true in some cases, what we have instead is more violence against women and more social acceptance of demeaning male attitudes and behaviors that would have been considered out of bounds 20 or 30 years ago. As a society, we've gone backwards.

Part of my thinking on pornography has been shaped by seeing what is on the internet myself, and part, by reading Robert Jensen's powerful and provocative book, excerpted below: Getting Off: Pornography and the End of Masculinity. Jensen has convinced me that something as powerful as the porn industry and its sexual extremism must not be kept under the rug due to liberal shoulder-shrugging about the First Amendment. The porn industry should not enjoy our collective denial in terms of its real-world impact on women -- and men -- simply because we might be berated by First Amendment purists or be uncomfortable grappling with complex issues of sexual expression.

The debate must be pushed, and the consciousness raised. Many will say, don't mess with the issue because it's a slippery slope and could lead to the repression of other freedoms. I've concluded we need to take that chance. Male attitudes are potentially being shaped by ugly and sometimes disgusting abuse toward women. And tens of thousands of young women are being seduced and intimidated into lives of extreme public humiliation on-screen. The impact on their lives over the long run could be devastating.

The advent of Gonzo
One phenomenon in porn is the ascension of Gonzo films. There are two styles of films -- one are features that mimic, however badly, the Hollywood model of plot and characters. But the other, Gonzo, has no pretensions, and is simply the filming of sex acts, which, Jensen writes, while also occurring in features, are "performed in rougher fashion, often with more than one man involved, and more explicitly degrading language, which marks women as sluts, whores, cunts, nasty bitches and so on."

The Gonzo films, which have come to dominate the industry, also emphasize the newer trend of sexual acts, which include: double penetration -- anal and vaginal -- and ass to mouth, or ATM, where anal sex is followed by sticking the penis in the women's mouth. In addition, many of these films include men, often in multiple numbers, ejaculating into the faces and mouths of the women performers. The women usually swallow the semen, but also can share it mouth-to-mouth with a female partner. For Jensen, the most plausible explanation of the popularity of these acts is that women in the world, outside of pornography, don't engage in these acts unless forced. "Men know that -- and they find it sexually arousing to watch them in part because of that knowledge."

As Jerome Tanner, porn film maker, explains, "One of the things about today's porn and the extreme market, the gonzo market, is so many fans want to see much more extreme stuff that I'm always trying to figure out ways to do something different. But it seems that everybody wants to see a girl doing a double penetration or a gang bang. ... It's definitely brought porn somewhere, but I don't know where it is headed from there."

Mitchell Spinelli, interviewed while filming Give me Gape, adds: "People want more. They want to know how many dicks you can shove up an ass. It's like 'Fear Factor meets Jackass.' Make it more hard, make it more nasty, make it more relentless."

Jensen clearly decided in writing his book that the often overwhelming reality of the behavior and values of the porn industry must be experienced by the reader, at least in written form, to understand what the issues are. Thus, in the book, he describes porn scenes, quotes dialogue in the porn films, and includes interviews with porn actors to help capture what they are thinking.

Some of this is a little hard to take. Here is one example:
Jessica Darlin tells the camera she has performed in 200 films, and she is submissive. "I like guys to just take over and fuck me and have a good time with me. I'm just here for pleasure." The man who enters the room grabs her hair and tells her to beg the other man. She crawls over on her hands and knees, and he spanks her hard. When he grabs her by the throat, she seems surprised. During oral sex, he says, "Choke on that dick." She gags. He grabs her head and slaps her face then forces his penis in her mouth quickly. She gags again.The other man duplicates the action, calling her a "little bitch." Jessica is drooling and gagging; she looks as if she might pass out. The men slap her breasts, then grab her by the hair and pull her up. Later in the scene, "One man enters her anally from the rear as she is pushed up against the couch. The other man enters her anally while his partner puts his foot on her head. Finally one grabs her hair and asks here what she wants. 'I want your cum in my mouth,' she says. 'Give me all that cum. I want to taste it.'"

Jensen writes, "In researching the porn industry, one of the most difficult parts is writing about the women who perform. Men see women in porn films as objects of desire (to be fucked) or ridicule (to be made fun of.) When porn performers speak in public, they typically repeat a script that emphasizes that they have freely chosen this career because of their love of sex and lack of inhibition." Nina Hartley is one former porn star who frames her experience in the porn industry as empowering -- a feminist act of a woman taking control of her own life. But Jensen notes that while "we should listen to and respect those voices, we also know from the testimony of women who leave the sex industry that often they are desperate and unhappy in prostitution and pornography but feel the need to validate it as their choice to avoid thinking of themselves as victims."

Robert Jensen -- radical man
So that you understand, Robert Jensen is a true radical. His positions on masculinity, race and pornography are way out of the mainstream. He thinks that concepts of masculinity make men less than human and should be junked. "Men are assumed to be naturally competitive and aggressive, and being a "real man" is therefore marked by the struggle for control, conquest and domination. A man looks at the world, sees what he wants and takes it."

In writing his book, he turns to one of the most vilified feminists, Andrea Dworkin, as his guide. One of Dworkin's books, Intercourse, enraged many readers. "In it, Dworkin argues that in a male supremacist society, sex between men and women constitutes a central part of women's subordination to men. (This argument was quickly and falsely simplified to "all sex is rape" in the public arena, adding fire to Dworkin's already radical persona.)" But Jensen embraces Dworkin for best understanding pornography and notes that "her love for men was so evident."
Like many stubbornly pure radicals who in the end have provoked change, Jensen, by sheer dint of the power of his arguments, forces one to examine the contradictions and the consequences of our acts, assumptions and opinions. And, by the way, Jensen has a different definition for radical, preferring the Latin "root" for its meaning. "Radical solutions are the ones that get to the root of the problem." For Jensen, the question becomes: "How do we explain the fact that most people's stated philosophy and theological systems are rooted in concepts of justice, equality and inherent dignity of all people, yet we allow violence, exploitation and oppression to flourish."

Jensen's book is a serious effort to deconstruct pornography and connect it to the society in which it grows and, in some ways, dominates. He addresses in detail the arguments that justify porn and the research that may connect porn to violence. His narrative, interwoven in the book, is about a lonely journey to shed the straight jacket of masculinity, and the pain and lack of acceptance that goes with the territory as he relentlessly pushes his ideas into the public domain.

In the end, the book grapples with a fundamental question. "If pornography is increasingly cruel and degrading, why is it increasingly commonplace instead of more marginalized? In a society that purports to be civilized, wouldn't we expect most people to reject sexual material that becomes ever more dismissive of the humanity of women? How do we explain ... increasingly more intense ways to humiliate women sexually and the rising popularity of the films that present those activities?" Jensen concludes: "... this paradox can be resolved by recognizing that one of the assumptions is wrong. Here it is the assumption that the U.S. society routinely rejects cruelty and degradation. In fact the U.S. is a nation that has no serious objection to cruelty and degradation."

Robert Jensen is on a quest. And he has taken a major step forward in his journey in producing a book that the reader can't run away from or casually dismiss. It is filled with facts, data, intelligent observation and analysis, as well as examples of the raw product of an industry gone gonzo. I know this may sound like a cliche, but I guarantee that after reading this book, almost no one will think about pornography in the same way again.
**********
Excerpt
This essay is excerpted from Robert Jensen's new book, Getting Off: Pornography and the End of Masculinity, published by South End Press. Jensen also has helped produce a slide show in PowerPoint with a script about the feminist critique of pornography. For information on how to get a copy, email stoppornculture.

After an intense three hours, the workshop on pornography I have been leading is winding down. The 40 women all work at a center that serves battered women and rape survivors. These are the women on the front lines, the ones who answer the 24-hour hotline and work one-on-one with victims. They counsel women who have just been raped, help women who have been beaten, and nurture children who have been abused. These women have heard and seen it all. No matter how brutal a story might be, they have experienced or heard one even more brutal; there is no way to one-up them on stories of men's violence. But after three hours of information, analysis, and discussion of the commercial heterosexual pornography industry, many of these women are drained. Sadness hangs over the room.

Near the end of the session, one woman who had been quiet starts to speak. Throughout the workshop she had held herself in tightly, her arms wrapped around herself. She talks for some time, and then apologizes for rambling. There is no need to apologize; she is articulating what many feel. She talks about her own life, about what she has learned in the session and about how it has made her feel, about her anger and sadness.

Finally, she says: "This hurts. It just hurts so much."

Everyone is quiet as the words sink in. Slowly the conversation restarts, and the women talk more about how they feel, how they will use the information, what it will mean to their work and in their lives. The session ends, but her words hang in the air.

It hurts.

It hurts to know that no matter who you are as a woman you can be reduced to a thing to be penetrated, and that men will buy movies about that, and that in many of those movies your humiliation will be the central theme. It hurts to know that so much of the pornography that men are buying fuses sexual desire with cruelty.

It hurts women, and men like it, and it hurts just to know that.

Even these women, who have found ways to cope with the injuries from male violence in other places, struggle with that pornographic reality. It is one thing to deal with acts, even extremely violent acts. It is another to know the thoughts, ideas, and fantasies that lie behind those acts.
People routinely assume that pornography is such a difficult and divisive issue because it's about sex. In fact, this culture struggles unsuccessfully with pornography because it is about men's cruelty to women, and the pleasure men sometimes take in that cruelty. And that is much more difficult for people -- men and women -- to face.

Why it hurts
This doesn't mean that all men take sexual pleasure in cruelty. It doesn't mean that all women reject pornography. There is great individual variation in the human species, but there also are patterns in any society. And when those patterns tell us things about ourselves and the world in which we live that are difficult, we often want to look away.

Mirrors can be dangerous, and pornography is a mirror.

Pornography as a mirror shows us how men see women. Not all men, of course -- but the ways in which many men who accept the conventional conception of masculinity see women. It is unsettling to look into that mirror.

A story about that: I am out with two heterosexual women friends. Both are feminists in their 30s, and both are successful in their careers. Both are smart and strong, and both have had trouble finding male partners who aren't scared by their intelligence and strength. We are talking about men and women, about relationships. As is often the case, I am told that I am too hard on men. The implication is that after so many years of working in the radical feminist critique of the sex industry and sexual violence, I have become jaded, too mired in the dark side of male sexuality. I contend that I am simply trying to be honest. We go back and forth, in a friendly discussion.

Finally, I tell my friends that I can settle this with a description of one website. I say to them: "If you want me to, I will tell you about this site. I won't tell you if you don't want to hear this.

But if you want me to continue, don't blame me." They look at each other; they hesitate. They ask me to explain.

Some months before that someone had forwarded to me an email about a pornography site that the person thought I should take a look at -- slutbus.com. It's a website to sell videos of the slutbus. Here's the slutbus concept:

A few men who appear to be in their 20s drive around in a minivan with a video camera. They ask women if they want a ride. Once in the van, the women are asked if they would be willing to have sex on camera for money. The women do. When the sex is over, the women get out of the van and one of the men hands the women a wad of bills as payment. Just as she reaches for the money, the van drives off, leaving her on the side of the road looking foolish. There are trailers for 10 videos on the website. All appear to use the same "plot" structure.

In the United States there are men who buy videos with that simple message: Women are for sex. Women can be bought for sex. But in the end, women are not even worth paying for sex. They don't even deserve to be bought. They just deserve to be fucked, and left on the side of the road, with post-adolescent boys laughing as they drive away -- while men at home watch, become erect, masturbate, obtain sexual pleasure, and ejaculate, and then turn off the DVD player and go about their lives. There are other companies that produce similar videos. There's bangbus.com, which leaves women by the side of the road after sex in the bangbus. And on it goes.

I look at my friends and tell them: "You realize what I just described is relatively tame. There are things far more brutal and humiliating than that, you know."

We sit quietly, until one of them says, "That wasn't fair."

I know that it wasn't fair. What I had told them was true, and they had asked me to tell them.

But it wasn't fair to push it. If I were them, if I were a woman, I wouldn't want to know that. Life is difficult enough without knowing things like that, without having to face that one lives in a society in which no matter who you are -- as an individual, as a person with hopes and dreams, with strengths and weaknesses -- you are something to be fucked and laughed at and left on the side of the road by men. Because you are a woman.

"I'm sorry," I said. "But you asked."

In a society in which so many men are watching so much pornography, this is why we can't bear to see it for what it is: Pornography forces women to face up to how men see them. And pornography forces men to face up to what we have become. The result is that no one wants to talk about what is in the mirror. Although few admit it, lots of people are afraid of pornography. The liberal/libertarian supporters who celebrate pornography are afraid to look honestly at what it says about our culture. The conservative opponents are afraid that pornography undermines their attempts to keep sex boxed into narrow categories.

Feminist critics are afraid, too -- but for different reasons. Feminists are afraid because of what they see in the mirror, because of what pornography tells us about the world in which we live. That fear is justified. It's a sensible fear that leads many to want to change the culture.
Pornography has become normalized, mainstreamed. The values that drive the slutbus also drive the larger culture. As a New York Times story put it, "Pornography isn't just for dirty old men anymore." Well, it never really was just for dirty men, or old men, or dirty old men. But now that fact is out in the open. That same story quotes a magazine writer, who also has written a pornography script: "People just take porn in stride these days. There's nothing dangerous about sex anymore." The editorial director of Playboy, who says that his company has "an emphasis on party," tells potential advertisers: "We're in the mainstream."

There never was anything dangerous about sex, of course. The danger isn't in sex, but in a particular conception of sex in patriarchy. And the way sex is done in pornography is becoming more and more cruel and degrading, at the same time that pornography is becoming more normalized than ever. That's the paradox.

The paradox of pornography
First, imagine what we could call the cruelty line -- the measure of the level of overt cruelty toward, and degradation of, women in contemporary mass-marketed pornography. That line is heading up, sharply.

Second, imagine the normalization line -- the measure of the acceptance of pornography in the mainstream of contemporary culture. That line also is on the way up, equally sharply.

If pornography is increasingly cruel and degrading, why is it increasingly commonplace instead of more marginalized? In a society that purports to be civilized, wouldn't we expect most people to reject sexual material that becomes evermore dismissive of the humanity of women? How do we explain the simultaneous appearance of more, and increasingly more intense, ways to humiliate women sexually and the rising popularity of the films that present those activities?

As is often the case, this paradox can be resolved by recognizing that one of the assumptions is wrong. Here, it's the assumption that U.S. society routinely rejects cruelty and degradation. In fact, the United States is a nation that has no serious objection to cruelty and degradation. Think of the way we accept the use of brutal weapons in war that kill civilians, or the way we accept the death penalty, or the way we accept crushing economic inequality. There is no paradox in the steady mainstreaming of an intensely cruel pornography. This is a culture with a well-developed legal regime that generally protects individuals' rights and freedoms, and yet it also is a strikingly cruel culture in the way it accepts brutality and inequality.

The pornographers are not a deviation from the norm. Their presence in the mainstream shouldn't be surprising, because they represent mainstream values: The logic of domination and subordination that is central to patriarchy, hyper-patriotic nationalism, white supremacy, and a predatory corporate capitalism.

See more stories tagged with: porn, pornography, violence, domestic violence, rape, humiliation, abuse, sexuality, masculinity
Don Hazen is the executive editor of AlterNet. Robert Jensen is a journalism professor at the University of Texas at Austin and board member of the Third Coast Activist Resource Center. He is also the author of The Heart of Whiteness: Race, Racism, and White Privilege and Citizens of the Empire: The Struggle to Claim Our Humanity (both from City Lights Books). He can be reached here and his articles are online here.

Is Pornography Harmful?

2007-11-10T10:56:00.000-08:00

Is Pornography Really Harmful?
By Michael Bader and Vivian Dent, AlterNet. Posted November 7, 2007.
In response to Robert Jensen's controversial book, Getting Off, two clinical psychologists debate the intersection of violence and sexual fantasy.

Pornography is a mirror that shows us how men see women, writes Robert Jensen in his latest book, Getting Off: Pornography and the End of Masculinity. And with mainstream porn becoming increasingly degrading and violent toward women, looking into that mirror can be unsettling.

That's the theme running through Jensen's book, which AlterNet excerpted in late September. The excerpt, viewable here, stirred a fiery debate among readers, with dozens of commenters defending pornography as a healthy form of sexual expression and dozens more condemning it as dangerous. For all the discussion, a lot of questions remain: Can men who view violent pornography separate fantasy from reality? Do men who are aroused by this type of porn want to hurt women? What influence does porn have on the people who view it? Under what conditions can it be healthy? Harmful?

In a quest to better understand these issues, AlterNet decided to ask some experts. Below, clinical psychologists Michael Bader and Vivian Dent go head-to-head on pornography and why people watch it.

But first, a refresher from Jensen's book:

Although few admit it, lots of people are afraid of pornography. The liberal/libertarian supporters who celebrate pornography are afraid to look honestly at what it says about our culture. The conservative opponents are afraid that pornography undermines their attempts to keep sex boxed into narrow categories.

Feminist critics are afraid, too -- but for different reasons. Feminists are afraid because of what they see in the mirror, because of what pornography tells us about the world in which we live. That fear is justified. It's a sensible fear that leads many to want to change the culture.
Pornography has become normalized, mainstreamed. ... As a New York Times story put it, "Pornography isn't just for dirty old men anymore." Well, it never really was just for dirty men, or old men, or dirty old men. But now that fact is out in the open. That same story quotes a magazine writer who also has written a pornography script: "People just take porn in stride these days. There's nothing dangerous about sex anymore." The editorial director of Playboy, who says that his company has "an emphasis on party," tells potential advertisers: "We're in the mainstream."

There never was anything dangerous about sex, of course. The danger isn't in sex, but in a particular conception of sex in patriarchy. And the way sex is done in pornography is becoming more and more cruel and degrading, at the same time that pornography is becoming more normalized than ever. That's the paradox.

The paradox of pornography

First, imagine what we could call the cruelty line -- the measure of the level of overt cruelty toward, and degradation of, women in contemporary mass-marketed pornography. That line is heading up, sharply.

Second, imagine the normalization line -- the measure of the acceptance of pornography in the mainstream of contemporary culture. That line also is on the way up, equally sharply.

If pornography is increasingly cruel and degrading, why is it increasingly commonplace instead of more marginalized? In a society that purports to be civilized, wouldn't we expect most people to reject sexual material that becomes evermore dismissive of the humanity of women? How do we explain the simultaneous appearance of more, and increasingly more intense, ways to humiliate women sexually and the rising popularity of the films that present those activities?

As is often the case, this paradox can be resolved by recognizing that one of the assumptions is wrong. Here, it's the assumption that U.S. society routinely rejects cruelty and degradation. In fact, the United States is a nation that has no serious objection to cruelty and degradation. Think of the way we accept the use of brutal weapons in war that kill civilians, or the way we accept the death penalty, or the way we accept crushing economic inequality. There is no paradox in the steady mainstreaming of an intensely cruel pornography. This is a culture with a well-developed legal regime that generally protects individuals' rights and freedoms, and yet it also is a strikingly cruel culture in the way it accepts brutality and inequality.

The pornographers are not a deviation from the norm. Their presence in the mainstream shouldn't be surprising, because they represent mainstream values: The logic of domination and subordination that is central to patriarchy, hyperpatriotic nationalism, white supremacy and a predatory corporate capitalism.

Standing Up for Sexual Fantasy
By Michael Bader, DMH

Porn is not harmless. But neither is it an important cause of sexual violence or misogyny. Partisans on both sides of this debate have littered their arguments with distortions, hyperbole and cheap rhetorical tricks. We have to wade through a lot of bullshit to get to the truth.
When representatives of the media conglomerates that produce $10 billion of porn each year come out and talk about the "free choice" of the women starring in their videos and the harmless "entertainment value" provided to male consumers, they're making a silk purse out of a sow's ear. The actors in these films are degraded, underpaid and used up by an industry with the morals of a slaughterhouse, despite what Jenna Jameson and Nina Hartley say. The women come into the industry with the self-esteem of earthworms, histories of physical and sexual abuse, and are often plunged into alcohol and drug abuse as a way of coping with their jobs. When the apologists from the porn industry point to the "voluntary" nature of this work, they are using a legal technicality as a fig leaf to cover up the normative pathology and exploitation in this industry.

Furthermore, with the near-universal availability of porn, there are now thousands -- perhaps tens of thousands -- of men who have become addicted to it. Spending between 10 and 50 hours/week glued to their computer or TV screens looking at porn, talking dirty in chat rooms, seeking out greater and greater taboos to violate, these particular men are being victimized, their relationships betrayed, and their families and friends cheated of their presence. Such men were likely never really connected to others in healthy ways before the advent of porn, of course, nor can it be convincingly argued that the absence of this outlet would make them so, but like any addict, their compulsion makes any other options impossible, including that of getting psychotherapeutic help. The presence of a casino doesn't cause the tragedies that sometime result, but neither are casino operators morally innocent.

So much for harmless porn.

On the other hand, it is amazing to me how literal and concrete is the thinking of anti-porn advocates like Jensen who watch a porno, note its sordid and dehumanizing story line, and then assume that the man masturbating to it must really hate women and secretly want to dominate and devalue them. The shock value of the story line (to the extent there is one) is intended to carry the weight of an argument that is basically superficial. After all, if some guy gets off on watching 10 men ejaculate on a woman's face -- while she begs for more -- he must be either a misogynist watching his wishes come true or one in the making.

Except that he's not. I've treated dozens of guys who might get aroused by such scenarios who don't hate women at all. They have decent and loving relationships with women. And most important, they are able to distinguish between a fantasy and reality, something that Jensen seems both unwilling and unable to do.

What turns them on in porn scenarios depends crucially on the fact that the woman is depicted as excited. If she were depicted as primarily hurt and humiliated, these men would instantly lose their interest and erections. If there is one nearly universal common denominator in heterosexual porn it is that the women in it are generally portrayed as easily, constantly and powerfully sexually aroused, driven wild by whatever men want to do with and to them. For most men, this fact is crucial to their arousal, not because they're looking for a rationalization for their violent impulses but because they are guilty about feeling strong, selfish and masculine; feel overly responsible for and worried about women; and secretly believe that women are unhappy and relentlessly dissatisfied with men and their own lives. In the service of masturbation, these portrayals of "women in heat" momentarily reassure men against their fears, relieve their burdens and offer them a freedom they find lacking in relationships with real women. The sexual fantasies expressed in pornography, as well as those of their own private invention, are arousing to men not because women are being hurt but because they're not.
Pornography is the visual enactment of a sexual fantasy. That's fantasy -- to be distinguished from reality. That's fantasy -- to be distinguished from an intention, wish or even attitude. A fantasy occurs in the imagination. The imagination is creative, capable of all sorts of tricks and distortions. Recently, for example, I had a daydream -- a fantasy -- that my brother had suddenly died. In the daydream, lots of people came to console me in my grief. Now, in reality I love my brother and don't have a shred of resentment toward him. What I did have at the time was a need for a certain kind of love and attention. The meaning of my daydream was not "you wish your brother was dead." The real meaning of my daydream was, "You're so guilty about wanting attention that you think the only way you can get it is if you suffer a terrible tragedy." The meaning of a fantasy is often the opposite of its plot; whatever the meaning, it's subjective and can't easily be inferred from its story line.

Over the last 10 years I've studied sexual fantasies. I've discovered that they have a fascinating but secret logic. Imagine this scenario: A guy grows up in a family in which he feels responsible for and guilty toward his mother, who he sees as unhappy and weak. He develops an implicit or default view of women as unhappy and weak like his mother. Unfortunately, it's difficult for him -- for anyone in this situation, for that matter -- to get really excited by a woman if he experiences her as unhappy and weak. That's just the way our minds work. We can't get maximally aroused if we're worried, guilty and responsible. Fortunately, our imaginations come to our rescue, and we construct some type of fantasy or preference in which this barrier is momentarily overcome. For example, this guy in question might be attracted to strong, dominant or tough women because their energy reassures him that he can't hurt them and doesn't have to feel responsible for them. Or he might like to be on the bottom during sex or even lightly restrained for the same reason. It's easy to see in these cases that if the scenario -- really, just another type of fantasy -- involves a strong and excited woman, his unconscious worries about women are temporarily negated and he can get aroused.

Lots of porn features strong women -- picture the dominatrix -- and the male viewer gets aroused for precisely this reason. But many other types of porn address these same issues but in a different way. For example, often the woman is portrayed as dominated, hurt or even degraded, but in the porno she's excited and eager. Men are doing these bad-looking things, but the women are enjoying them. Our psyches are amazing things, really. They interpret the depiction of a woman's arousal as signifying her health and happiness! And thus you find in almost all porn that women appear aroused. Their arousal subliminally says to the male viewer, "I'm not hurt ... I'm even happy!" In fact, were these male viewers confronted with a woman's real pain and fear, they would immediately extinguish their excitement. In other words, they know the difference between fantasy and reality. They don't primarily want to hurt woman. What they really want is to be strong, selfish or masculine in ways that excite women, not degrade them. Porn provides them with imaginary scenarios in which this wish is safely gratified.

This fact accounts for the absence of any reliable, repeatable studies that prove that exposure to pornography increases the likelihood that the men consuming it will act badly toward women. Among the reasons for this robust finding (or lack thereof) is that the men who were studied intuitively knew the difference between fantasy and reality, between the women on the screen and their girlfriends or wives. Add to this the fact that men, themselves, often don't understand what they're feeling or why, and you have a good understanding of why porn researchers who interview men to explore the effects of porn on male attitudes cannot come up with any convincing evidence that it poses a danger.

Now, Jensen is correct when he points out that there is a growing species of porn that is explicitly violent and that appears more extreme in its treatment of the women appearing in it. Know as gonzo or extreme porn, it features such things as gagging, double anal penetration, gangbangs, bukkake (in which a group of men masturbate on a woman), and face slapping. Again, despite their irrationality, the scripts almost always call for the woman to get aroused by and seek out such abuse behavior. One might fairly say that it's a sad commentary on the state of our culture and that of the male psyche that such depictions sell so well. But the reason that the commentary is so sad isn't because it reflects what men want to do to women. It's sad because men in our culture are so disconnected from themselves and women, and often feel so helpless in their efforts to make women happy, that they require these kinds of fantasies to get aroused, to masturbate, fantasies that temporarily reassure them that they're connected to women in the most selfish and aggressive way possible and that, in the end, the women are turned on and not hurt.

Now, there is a subtype of these pornos that feature -- that make explicit and central -- the woman's suffering, her fear, humiliation, helplessness or some combination thereof. Some men require the actual suffering of a woman to get turned on. Such men have almost always been victims themselves of frightening and traumatic abuse as children and develop such fear and hatred of women that the only safe way they can experience pleasure is through turning the tables on their "persecutors" and doing to women what they feel was once done to them. Out of this cauldron come rapists and other men who get sexually excited by the infliction of fear and pain on women. Were snuff films to actually exist, these would be their customers.
Jensen would have us believe that this category of men is huge and that its numbers are maintained and replenished by porn. I see no evidence of either of these assumptions. My research, clinical and otherwise, suggests that this type of man is rare -- dangerous, but rare. Second, there is no basis for claims that porn causes this type of sexual violence. All kinds of porn, including the gonzo variety, are found in various European countries, which have extremely low rates of sexual violence. Sexual violence has been seen in recent years in countries like Bosnia and Rwanda, where there is almost no porn. The fact that men can become sexually violent under extreme conditions is a fascinating and troubling fact, but I see no evidence that porn has ever been causally linked to such transformations. Instead, I think that other factors are much more important, including various types of deprivation, the creation of paranoid identity myths, messianic leaders and propaganda, economic competition, cultural scapegoating and ignorance. In the absence of evidence, to argue that such sexual violence, much less male violence in general (as Jensen suggests), is caused or even exacerbated by porn is simply to substitute our own fantasies for reality. Since men who watch porn don't make such a mistake, we shouldn't either.

Context, Please: Internet Porn and Sexual Degradation
By Vivian Dent

When I hear claims that "Porn's this" or "No, it's that," I often feel a similar incredulity as when Bush begins a sentence with, "The American people demand ..." Says who? When? Why?
What does it mean -- what can it possibly mean -- to discuss "pornography" or "men" or "women" or "sexuality" outside the environments where they exist? Porn today usually involves a solitary, online interaction between a man and sexual images. In this encapsulated world, porn's intensity builds steadily. More and more is available; it's accessible at any time for any length of time; and it portrays a wider and wider range of subjects, activities, and fantasies. I believe all of these changes have transformed what porn "is" and how it affects both men and women. And I'm concerned that we know far too little about the implications of these changes.
To introduce my ideas, I'll begin by listing some things about people, porn, sexuality, and the web that we might be able to agree on.

People

Men are very different one from another. So are women.
People behave differently in different physical and emotional settings. When we feel secure, effective, loving, and lovable we have a different range than we do when we feel worthless, terrified, miserable, enraged, or hopeless.

Men and Porn

A lot of men use porn just to get off. It has a minimal, perhaps even beneficial, impact on the whole of their lives and relationships, including their sexual relationships.
Some men get seriously addicted to porn, with all the damage and pain that severe addictions bring.

Some men use porn as an inspiration for, or a weapon in, efforts to hurt or degrade real women, often enough their wives and girlfriends. [By the way, I know all this can apply to men with men, or to women with women for that matter, but I'll stick to heterosexual relationships for now and let others fill in the gaps.]

Women and Porn

Some women like porn. Some are indifferent to it. Some are disgusted, horrified, frightened, or humiliated by it.

Some women really enjoy getting into the sexually edgy scenarios that porn can inspire.
But some play along, wanting the relationship, or wanting to prove themselves strong enough, sexy enough, tough enough. A lot of these women end up feeling used, damaged, and degraded by their experiences.

Relationships and Sexuality
Under certain circumstances, which we think of as normal, men have sex with a willing partner.
Sometimes both people come out of the encounter very, very satisfied.

Sometimes one or both feel bad, even awful, before, during, or after -- even though the sex was consensual.

Sometimes a man knows perfectly well that he's degrading or hurting his partner; and he gets off on that.

Sometimes the damage is accidental, and he'd be horrified to know it happened.
Sexuality without Relationship

Under certain conditions, men have violent sex with unwilling partners.

In wartime, men who would never have imagined themselves hurting a woman have become rapists.

Sexuality
Sex lives at the intersection of love and aggression. Aggression infused into love and desire makes sex exciting. But violence and sadism can take over. Then sex becomes an expression of power, and part of its excitement is its capacity to dominate, humiliate, even destroy the other.
The cultural switch that tips sexuality into violence can get thrown suddenly. Witness Rwanda, where lunatic broadcasts and a history of injustice turned citizens into mass murderers and rapists. Witness Abu Ghraib, where war, contempt, and an inexcusable lack of structure and training allowed young soldiers to become gleefully perverse torturers.

The Internet
The Web does not breed civility. People write things in emails they would never consider saying directly. Worse, under cover of anonymity, people insult, threaten, and genuinely menace other people's reputations and lives. Consider the posting of addresses of doctors who perform abortions, or the viciousness shown toward the parents of a teenage girl who snuck out with the family's Porsche, crashed, and died. Not everyone loses social sensitivity in the anonymity of the web. But it's a lot easier to let fly with ugly emotions online than in voice-to-voice or face-to-face encounters.

The Internet and Porn
Porn is available every instant of every day.

It's inexhaustible; people are constantly posting new samples.

It's lost its public context -- the long-outdated context of a movie theater, the more recent context of a store where you have to go in, show your face, and rent your videos. No one knows; no one sees. The only interaction is you, your mind, your body, a screen, and whatever you watch there.

And, as it becomes more private, more and more porn is apparently becoming more degrading to the women involved.

So: increased degradation, decreased social influence, and increased amounts of time spent with only one's fantasies for company. I'm protesting any account of porn that refuses to take this context, very carefully, into account. In the accompanying article, Michael Bader talks about men in therapy who discover that their ostensible desire to see a woman in a gangbang has to do with their need to know that women can really enjoy men, masculinity, and sexuality. OK; I'll trust his clinical experience. But I think he's missing the point that these men aren't just watching pornography alone -- they're talking about it with their therapist, a man who sees them as good and loving and who's encouraging of their sexuality. That's a social context, and a strongly supportive one at that.

But I don't see that what Bader is saying necessarily applies to the legions of men who believe that the women they desire could never love or desire them, who feel demeaned, disrespected, alienated, and lost. A lot of men get angry when they feel like that; no surprise there. Does porn ever encourage any of these men to take their anger out on women? When, why, under what conditions? Again, I don't want to imply that I think those men are on their way to producing snuff flicks, or something equally absurd. I do want to say that the questions deserve real attention.

In the early 1970s, Zimbardo's famous prison experiment took a group of male undergraduates, screened them carefully for psychological stability, and then randomly assigned them the roles of prisoners or guards. The experiment was designed to last two weeks, but within six days, according to the Stanford Prison Experiment Web site, "The simulation became so real, and the guards became so abusive, that the experiment had to be shut down. ... Half the prisoners were released early due to severe emotional or cognitive reactions." None of the guards quit, however. And nothing in the extensive pre-experiment personality testing predicted which guards would become abusive. Zimbardo concluded, "Abusive guard behavior appears to have been triggered by features of the situation rather than by the personality of guards."
Bader claims that men watching pornography can reliably and consistently understand the difference between fantasy and reality. I have some doubts: People are not at their most grounded and realistic when it comes to sex. And, again, I believe context matters a lot, especially when cruel or degrading scenarios provoke intense excitement, both sexual and violent. On a concrete level, a lot of kids and some isolated guys do use porn as a kind of "how-to" manual for sexuality. Porn's getting more extreme could lead them into some very unfortunate blunders. Plus, there's a long and sorry history of men rationalizing the sexual abuse of women with the words, "She really wanted it;" "She was asking for it." Is there a risk, even if just for some men, even if just at some times, in reinforcing a fantasy that women really want to receive the cruelties some men imagine inflicting on them?

I also suspect there are psychological consequences to seeing repeated enactments of violent sexuality, of fantasies that until recently existed pretty much exclusively in our imaginations. Sex and violence share a slippery boundary. At Abu Ghraib, young soldiers' anger and fear became sexualized violence in very short order. How much do we really know about the tipping point where emotional pain turns to satisfy itself in sexual cruelty? Bader's right that "We can't get maximally aroused if we're worried, guilty and responsible," and that feeling confident of the other's pleasure offers one source of relief from these fears. But he neglects the fact that denying the humanity of the other can stifle guilt just as effectively -- at least for some people, at least in some circumstances, at least some of the time.

We've created a brave new world where porn is constantly available in steadily more intense forms, with few or no social controls limiting access. Whatever the truth about pornography 20 years ago -- and we don't seem to know much for sure -- "the situation," as Zimbardo puts it, has changed. And I think we need to pay attention.

Michael's Rebuttal to Vivian
Vivian speculates that there are conditions under which porn might trigger an increase in male sexual violence. These conditions include the privacy of the Internet, the increased availability of extremely degrading porn, and social conditions like Abu Ghraib and Zimbardo's prison experiment. Porn is getting worse and more ubiquitous and this is apparently provoking or reinforcing harmful male sexual behavior.

Unfortunately, there's simply no evidence for this claim. At the same time the availability and alleged misogyny of porn is increasing, the incidence of sexual violence is decreasing. Societies with more porn and Internet usage than ours have much lower rates of sexual violence. And, again, despite how extensively it has been studied, there is no research that shows that exposure to porn increases the aggressiveness or sexism of a man's interaction with women in his everyday life.

Now, I would agree with Vivian that a fair number of men -- and women, for that matter -- feel hostility toward each other. And some of them -- both sexes -- act this out in the bedroom. They might criticize each other's performance or attractiveness. A man might unconsciously but intentionally refuse to "read" his partner's cues about what she wants or enjoys, or he might detach the moment after he is satisfied. A woman might be consistently critical of a man's ability to satisfy her, or make him feel bad for wanting sex too often. In these cases, the hostility of one partner hurts the other one.

But the fact that people can hurt each other in their myriad transactions around sex, while tragic, doesn't bear on this debate at all. My primary point was not that men don't ever feel hostility toward women but that the fact that they get aroused by porn isn't evidence of it. Men don't have a primary wish to see or participate in a gangbang at all -- in fact, doing so would horrify them. They desire pleasure and connection, like all of us do, but the conditions under which they can safely experience this involve somehow counteracting their worry and guilt about women, a condition that is satisfied in these imaginary porn scenarios. My point was that you cannot infer, as Jensen does, that a porn script reflects what the male viewer actually wants to do to women. The unconscious mind makes use of the porn script in ways that an outside social observer can't possible divine.

In a sense, this brings me to another point of agreement with Vivian. It isn't clear at all what the causes or effects are of the growing incidence of rougher and more extreme scenarios in porn today. Is the essential psychology of porn the same but merely taking more dramatic forms or is this trend something qualitatively new? There does seem to be a tendency in our sexual imaginations to seek out deeper and deeper taboos to challenge or violate, provided it's safe to do so. I see no evidence that such potential for escalation in a world of fantasy poses a threat to women in the real world, but I'd be foolish to deny that it could do so in the future in ways unknown to us now. And I have been impressed with the ways that the anonymity and ubiquity of Internet sex invites certain men to retreat from social and family life. The content of porn is less important here than the private ways that it is constantly available. Perhaps, in the end, the problem lies with a society in which men are disconnected and unable to find comfort in ways other than masturbation.

Vivian's Rebuttal to Michael
When Michael Bader describes sexual cruelties in his response to my article, he moves directly from criminal assaults to the petty cruelties of everyday life. He skips over the area where porn concerns me most deeply -- its potential to encourage the dehumanizing of women in consensual, or quasi-consensual, sexual encounters. We know that boyfriends, ex-boyfriends, and men that women had thought or wished were boyfriends are posting explicit content without the woman's consent. What else is going on in or because of our new online world that hurts women, diminishes their agency, transforms their sexual pleasure into fodder for their humiliation?

Porn doesn't just provide relief from inhibiting fantasy; it serves up inspiration for sexual games. A lot of people, men and women, enact scenarios derived from porn. A lot of people also push the limits of their sexual experiences. Depictions of violence or degradation -- particularly when the woman seems to be loving it -- encourage the fantasy, in men and women so inclined, that the games can get meaner without damage being done. A "real" woman would feel excited, not humiliated, frightened or hurt. And having porn so constantly and immediately available makes the gap between wish and action that much narrower. I'm not talking mutually enjoyable kinkiness here; I'm talking about situations where porn can nudge a man toward taking his pleasure at a woman's expense, whether in ignorance or with full intent.

Michael's argument rests heavily on a lack of conclusive evidence linking pornography with mistreatment of women. Yet in studies of groups, individual differences easily cancel each other out. According to a recent New York article, we can't even prove that exercise promotes weight loss. It seems that a fair number of people work out, get hungrier, and eat more, gaining weight in the process. This finding doesn't negate the experience of all those folks who got more active and dropped a few pounds, however. They're built differently -- or they're living in contexts that successfully encourage their efforts.

Perversity -- by which I mean getting aroused by degrading or dehumanizing another person -- exists. Sadism -- sexual sadism -- exists. People make tragic and terrible sexual mistakes. (Read On Chesil Beach if you have any doubts.) Michael's experience, as a clinician and I assume as a man, has led him to appreciate how greatly a man's love and desire for a woman can be underappreciated. Mine, as a fellow clinician and as a woman, has led me to recognize how very badly things can go wrong, and how devastating it can be when they do.

I'm sure that Michael and I agree that none of us is born taking pleasure in another's pain and degradation. Yet in certain contexts, people -- even people who under different circumstances are loving and concerned -- get very excited in just this way. I believe that the current solitary, nonstop, and increasingly vicious realm of pornography can foster just this kind of excitement. And so I believe we owe it to ourselves, as men, women and a society, to take it seriously.

See more stories tagged with: pornography, gonzo porn, violent porn, violence against women, sexual expression, sexual fantasy, robert jensen, getting off
Michael Bader is a psychologist and psychoanalyst in San Francisco. He is the author of Arousal: The Secret Logic of Sexual Fantasies, and a forthcoming book, Male Sexuality: Why Women Don't Understand It -- And Men Don't Either. He has also written extensively on psychology and politics for Tikkun Magazine and AlterNet. Dr. Vivian Dent is a psychologist in private practice in San Francisco.

Feminist Theory Bibliography

2007-11-02T09:36:00.000-07:00

Whitney Smalley

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Dicker, Rory, and Alison Piepmeier. Catching a Wave: Reclaiming Feminism in the 21st Century.
Northeastern UP, 2003.
Dow, Bonnie J. Prime Time Feminism: Television, Media Culture, and the Women's Movement
Since 1970. University of Pennsylvania P, 1996.
Dowd, Maureen. Are Men Necessary: When Sexes Collide. Penguin Group, 2006.
Faludi, Susan. Backlash: the Undeclared War Against American Women. Crown Group, 2006.
Farrell, Warren, James P. Sterba, and Steven Svoboda. Does Feminism Discriminate Against
Men? a Debate. Oxford UP, 2007.
Farrell, Warren. The Myth of Male Power. Penguin Group, 2001.
Gubar, Susan. Critical Condition: Feminism At the Turn of the Century. Colombia UP, 2000.
Halley, Janet E. Split Decisions: How and Why to Take a Break From Feminism. Princeton UP,
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Lingard, Bob, Peter Douglas, and Lyn Yates. Men Engaging Feminisms: Pro-Feminism,
Backlashes, and Schooling. Open UP, 1999.
Nathanson, Paul, and Katherine K. Young. Legalizing Misandry. McGill-Queens UP, 2006.
Nathanson, Paul, and Katherine K. Young. Spreading Misandry. McGill-Queens UP, 2006.
Oakley, Ann, and Juliet Mitchel, eds. Whos Afraid of Feminism: Seeing Through Backlash. The
New P, 1997.
Sommers, Christina H. The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism is Harming Our
Young Men. Simon and Schuster Adult Group, 2001.
Sommers, Christina H. Who Stole Feminism: How Women Have Betrayed Women. Simon and
Schuster Adult Group, 1995.
Sterba, James P., ed. Controversies in Feminism. Rowman and Littlefield, Inc., 2000.
Stetson, Dorothy M. Abortion Politics, Women's Movements, and the Democratic State: a
Comparitive Study of State Feminism. Oxford UP, 2002.
Superson, Anita M., and Ann E. Cudd. Theorizing Backlash: Philosophical Reflections on the
Resistance to Feminism. Rowman and Littlefield, Inc., 2002.
Valenti, Jessica. Full Frontal Feminism: a Young Women's Guide to Why Feminism Matters.
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Feministing on Bodies and Food

2007-10-18T19:37:00.002-07:00

Feministing on Bodies and Food

October 18, 2007
Ten Things You Can Do Right Now to Love Your Body
1. Make the radical choice to commit to healing your relationship with your body.
2. Never diet. Never ever. It is a $31 billion industry that fails 95% of the time. That's just stupid.
3. Reconnect with your authentic hungers. When are you hungry? When are you full? What are you hungry for?
4. Move in ways (African dance, yoga, running, sex...) that make you feel happy instead of adhering to strict fitness regimens.
5. Add a compassionate voice to the chorus in your head.
6. Don't spend money on products made by companies that make you feel inadequate. Duh.
7. Stop hanging out with toxic people that make you feel bad about yourself.
8. Change conversations about weight to conversations about wellbeing.
9. Nominate someone for the REAL Hot 100.
10. Redefine your notion of success to include your own wellness--including joy, fulfillment, resilience, and self-love.

Shameless plug alert.

For more ideas of how to heal, check out my book: Perfect Girls, Starving Daughters: The Frightening New Normalcy of Hating Your Body.
Posted by Courtney

Newsweek on Black Misogyny

2007-10-14T07:03:00.000-07:00

Race & Gender: We're Not Gonna Take ItOne woman's case opens a dialogue about black misogyny.

By Allison SamuelsNewsweekOct. 15, 2007 issue -

Will 2007 be remembered as the year black women said "Enough is enough"? At no small personal cost, Anucha Browne Sanders stood up and demanded an end to the kind of abuse African-American women regularly tolerate from some black men. We are not "bitches" or "ho's," to be harassed sexually or otherwise, she declared.It was a brave thing for an African-American woman to do. Our community is reluctant to talk openly about the problem of black men mistreating black women. Our leaders will rise up in unison against Don Imus for his detestable slur against the Rutgers women's basketball team. Yet they remain silent when Isiah Thomas says it's less offensive for a black man to call a black woman "bitch" than it is for a white man. Black leaders are justifiably in an uproar over the Jena Six, yet none rushed to West Palm Beach, Fla., this summer when an African-American mother in a public housing project was gang-raped. Nor did they talk about domestic violence when self-help minister Juanita Bynum told police in August that she'd been beaten by her husband, which he denies. Even rapper R. Kelly—still awaiting trial on charges of having sex with an underage girl in 2002—gets a free pass.

"We have to say 'No more'!" says author Terry McMillan, who's made a career writing about the complicated and sometimes strained relations between African-American women and men. "No other culture disrespects their women the way our culture does, and it has to stop. Black men have to start taking responsibility for being a part of the reason black women are so disrespected in the first place." McMillan has never shied away from challenging the ways black men portray women in film, videos and rap songs, but plenty of blacks—men and women alike—are loath to point fingers publicly. (For his part, the Rev. Al Sharpton finally weighed in late last week on the Browne Sanders dispute, threatening a boycott of the Knicks until Thomas apologizes for the "bitch" comment.)

The reasons for the silence are complicated, but mostly it's about not wanting to make things tougher for black men than they already are. (For the record, this reporter is conflicted about adding to the woes.) More black men are in jail than college, they face unemployment twice that of white men and they are subjected to plenty of negative media attention. So any additional attacks from black women are seen as betrayal. "We have enough people eager to attack us that we don't need to do it to each other," says rapper and actor Ice Cube, who was publicly taken to task by the Rev. Jesse Jackson for making fun of civil-rights icon Rosa Parks in the comedy "Barbershop."

Yet without open dialogue, nothing is solved. Two years ago, when Spelman College, a historically black women's campus in Atlanta, invited rappers to discuss misogyny in hip-hop, most of the big names declined. "So where does that leave us?" asks Beverly Bond, founder of the group Black Girls Rock, a nonprofit dedicated to raising young black girls' self-esteem. "There's not been a lot of willingness to talk about this until now, with Imus. It's a shame it took that, but finally rappers—if they are honest—understand the damage."

But can a radio host's firing or a basketball legend's loss in court continue to give rise to the voices of women that the Harlem Renaissance author Zora Neale Hurston once referred to as the "mules of the world"? "I was glad Imus got fired, and I was glad that a black woman won the case in New York," says 16-year-old LaTisha Johnson of Inglewood, Calif. "But I don't see that changing the boys I know or the rappers I see on TV. They don't think it's wrong, and a white man getting fired doesn't change that." But perhaps a black woman talking about it will.

Plastic Feminism

2007-09-29T15:28:00.000-07:00

Has Artificial Beauty Become the New Feminism?
By Jennifer Cognard-Black, Ms. Magazine. Posted September 29, 2007.
How the pitch for cosmetic surgery co-opts feminism.

This spring, Sideways star Virginia Madsen became a spokesperson for Allergan Inc., the maker of Botox." Quoted in People magazine, Madsen asserts that she's made "a lot of choices" to keep herself "youthful and strong": "I work out. I eat good foods. And I also get injectables."

In celebrity promos such as Madsen's, the current pop-cultural acceptance of cosmetic medicine is clear -- and is borne out by the rising numbers of customers. Since 2000, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) reports a 48 percent increase in all cosmetic (elective) procedures, both surgical, such as breast augmentations, and minimally invasive, such as the injectable wrinkle-filler Botox.

Once considered clandestine and risky, cosmetic procedures are currently treated across a variety of media as if they were as benign and mundane as whitening your teeth. Advertisers, TV producers, publishers, PR personnel and even physicians themselves are touting it as an effortless, egalitarian way for women of all backgrounds to "enhance" their looks and "stay young."

Not only have cosmetic procedures become more acceptable, but they're being promoted in less sensationalized ways to whole new markets. Increasingly, reality TV's Cinderella tale of surgical transformation is being replaced with a smart woman's narrative of enlightened self-maintenance. While Extreme Makeover and its imitators shame and blame ugly-duck patients in order for prince-surgeons to rescue them and magically unlock their inner swans through "drastic plastic" (multiple surgeries), other media sources now compliment potential customers as mature women who are "smart," "talented" and "wise." Such women are supposedly savvy enough to appreciate their own wisdom -- but, then again, they should want to soften the telltale marks of how many years it took them to acquire it. "I am not using these injectables to look 25," Madsen insists. "I don't want to be 25. I just want to look like me."

Alex Kuczynski, a New York Times reporter and author of Beauty Junkies (Doubleday, 2006) calls these latest appeals "the new feminism, an activism of aesthetics." That ignores the work of feminists from Susan Faludi to Susan Bordo, who have argued for years against the global beauty industry and its misogynistic practices. Yet the cosmetic-surgery industry is doing exactly what the beauty industry has done for years: It's co-opting, repackaging and reselling the feminist call to empower women into what may be dubbed "consumer feminism." Under the dual slogans of possibility and choice, producers, promoters and providers are selling elective surgery as self-determination.

Moreover, much of the media covering cosmetic surgery centers on the idea of choice. Parallel to Madsen's insistence that using Botox is just another lifestyle choice with little difference from working out and eating well, Cosmetic Surgery for Dummies (For Dummies, 2005) promises that the reader will discover how to "decide whether surgery is right for you," "find a qualified surgeon," "set realistic expectations," "evaluate the cons," "make the surgical environment safe" and ultimately "make an informed choice." The word "choice" obviously plays on reproductive-rights connotations, so that consumers will trust that they are maintaining autonomy over their bodies. Yet one choice goes completely unmentioned: The choice not to consider cosmetic surgery at all.

These days, with consumers able to "choose" from among a dizzying array of procedures and providers, even the most minute areas of the female body are potential sites of worry and "intervention." Surgical procedures have been developed to reduce "bra fat," to make over belly-buttons, to "rejuvenate" vaginas after childbirth or to achieve the "Sex and the City effect" -- foot surgeries to shorten or even remove a toe in order for women to squeeze their feet into pointy shoes.

Few seem immune to the sell, no matter what their income. In fact, according to an ASPS-commissioned study, more than two-thirds of those who underwent cosmetic surgery in 2005 made $60,000 or less. Easy access to credit and the declining cost of procedures has brought even the working class into the market.

The most graphic consequences of these trends are the stretched, alien, expressionless faces worn by certain celebrities and increasing numbers of "everyday" women. There are also the disfigurements and deaths that can result from surgeries gone wrong.

At the end of Beauty Junkies, Kuczynski asserts that "looks are the new feminism." Yet it's feminists who have led the fight against silicone breast implants when research suggested they were dangerous. It's feminists who have pointed out that a branch of medicine formed to fix or replace broken, burned and diseased body parts has since become an industry serving often-misogynistic interests. And it's feminists who have emphatically and persistently shown that cosmetic medicine exists because sexism is powerfully linked with capitalism -- keeping a woman worried about her looks in order to stay attractive, keep a job or retain self-worth. To say that a preoccupation with looks is "feminist" is a cynical misreading; feminists must instead insist that a furrowed, "wise" brow -- minus the fillers -- is the empowered feminist face, both old and new.

This article is excerpted from a longer piece in Ms. Magazine. To get the whole story, pick up Ms. magazine on newsstands now.

Periods and the School Cops

2007-09-28T15:02:00.000-07:00

Feministing
September 28, 2007

Keeping schools safe through period-monitoring

As a security measure, a school in upstate New York, has banned students from carrying bags (backpacks, purses anything). Unless you're a menstruating girl, that is. Need some clarification? So did I.

A student at Tri-Valley High School was called out of class by a security guard during a school sweep last week to make sure no kids had backpacks or other banned bags.

Samantha Martin, 14, had a small purse with her that day.

That's why the security guard, ex-Monticello cop Mike Bunce, asked her The Question.

She says he told her she couldn't have a purse unless she had her period. Then he asked, "Do you have your period?"

Samantha was mortified.

Apparently, there was a school rumor (not an actual rule) that girls could only carry small bags or purses if they had their periods. So security guards starting pulling girls out of classes, or questioning them in the hallways, about whether they were menstruating or not. Real appropriate.

What's heartening, though, is that the students aren't taking this crap without a fight.

Girls have worn tampons on their clothes in protest, and purses made out of tampon boxes.

Some boys wore maxi-pads stuck to their shirts in support.

After hearing that someone might have been suspended for the protest, freshman Hannah Lindquist, 14, went to talk to {Principal Robert] Worden. She wore her protest necklace, an OB tampon box on a piece of yarn. She said Worden confiscated it, talked to her about the code of conduct and the backpack rule — and told her she was now "part of the problem."

Yeah, girls who don't want creepy security guards knowing about their cycles are huge problems. Soon, they'll expect things like basic respect and privacy rights!

h/t to Shannon.

Egypt and Genital Mutilation

2007-09-23T11:01:00.001-07:00

Court Backs Egypt's Ban On Mutilation

By BARBARA CROSSETTE
Published: December 29, 1997
In a judgment that women's rights groups say will resonate throughout the Islamic world, Egypt's highest court yesterday upheld a ban on the genital cutting of girls and women, a ritual widely practiced in Africa.

The decision by the supreme administrative court marks the culmination of several years of debate in Egypt between Government officials and some Islamic conservatives, who contend that the practice they call female circumcision is a cultural or religious issue, and not a matter for government or the courts.

Yesterday's ruling overturned a lower court decision challenging the ban that was imposed by the Egyptian Health Ministry in 1996. The ruling cannot be appealed. Violations carry a three-year jail sentence.

''Circumcision of girls is not an individual right under Sharia,'' the court said in its judgment, striking down the argument that Islamic law condones the practice. ''There is nothing in the Koran that authorizes it,'' the court said.

Asma Abdel Halim, a Sudanese lawyer based in New York who has been helping African women campaign against the practice, said that the Egyptian decision ''will give a tremendous boost to women, because they will now have a very strong weapon to use.''

''This decision from Egypt's highest court is really profound,'' Ms. Abdel Halim said in an interview yesterday. ''It is significant because Egypt has for a long time been the center of both Islamic scholarship and Islamic jurisprudence, and many people look up to Egypt.''

Ms. Abdel Halim said it was also important that in Egypt, as elsewhere where what women's groups call female genital mutilation is practiced, the battle is being waged by local women. The practice includes removing a girl's clitoris, and sometimes much of the outer genital area, to strip her of sexual feelings.

The ruling counters accusations that only outsiders -- ''neo-colonialists'' in the opinion of some who defend the practice -- are intent on ending it, she said.

In Gambia in November, a grass-roots organization called the Gambia Committee on Traditional Practices succeeded in persuading the Government to lift censorship on the subject of genital mutilation, giving private groups freedom to campaign against it.

Jessica Neuwirth, an American lawyer who is president of Equality Now, an international women's human rights organization that helped the Gambian and Egyptian campaigns, among many others, said on Sunday that Egypt's female genital mutilation task force should get the credit for making the issue of genital mutilation public. The task force included Government officials and representatives of a range of private organizations like the Egyptian Society for Prevention of Harmful Practices to Woman and Child.

The cutting of a girl's clitoris and sometimes the outer lips of the vagina -- rough surgery often performed by traditional practitioners or family members wielding knives or razors -- can leave her severely damaged, prone to infections and, frequently, incontinent. Many girls bleed to death during or after the procedure.

In extreme cases, women's organizations say, girls' or women's mutilated vaginas are stitched shut, then unstitched before and restitched after intercourse with their husbands, an attempt to make them appear to be permanently virgins.

In Egypt, where the practice is very common among not only Muslims but also Coptic Christians, private and some Government clinics have been teaching medical staff members and patients about the dangers of genital cutting.

Today's court decision ended -- at least legally -- a controversy that began when Egypt tried to stop the practice in Government hospitals and heightened after Health Minister Ismail Sallam announced in July 1996 that genital mutilation would be banned across the board in Egypt. The ban followed a long campaign by Egyptian human rights organizations and women's groups.

In June of this year, Mr. Sallam's ban was overturned by a lower court in a case brought by proponents of genital excisions, who argued that it was an Islamic practice. The leader of the challenge was Sheik Yussef al-Badri. He argued in court that Islam had condoned the practice for 14 centuries.

Seeking Trophy Wife

2007-09-23T10:56:00.000-07:00

Seeking Trophy Wife: M.R.S. Degree Required By Mike S. AdamsMonday, May 7, 2007 I have a friend who’s going through a rough time in his marriage. Recently, his wife told him she was moving out and getting an apartment for six months so she could “find herself.” In typical feminist fashion she asked him for some money to help pay for her lease, power, and cable deposits. One of her main criticisms of him was that he offered her unsolicited financial advice. Had she listened to her husband she wouldn’t be in such a fix. So I told my friend to give her a copy of the book Catch-22 instead of writing her a check. Maybe she could “find herself” in a twelve dollar novel by Joseph Heller.

Of course, when I hear of married women making idiotic statements like “I need to go find myself,” “I need to learn how to be me,” and “My husband and I should be equals in every respect of the marriage” I’m forced to make one of two conclusions. First, the woman is not taking the medication her psychiatrist prescribed for her. That can be cured by simply telling her to take her damned medication.

But the other conclusion - that she is just a bad wife because she got a bad education while she was in college – calls for a more complicated cure. That is why today I’m asking colleges across America to put an end to the jokes about M.R.S. degrees by actually starting M.R.S. degree programs nationwide. With all the talk about sexual diversity it’s high time we started to celebrate nuptial diversity without all this useless banter about gay marriage. No reasonable person could be opposed to M.R.S. degrees for women who aspire to be “nothing more” than a wife and mother. The most important job any woman can ever hold is that of a mother.

Important people like teachers can have an effect on thousands of students, but no teacher can have that much of an effect on a child she only knows for one year. Mothers, on the other hand, will influence their own children for about fifty years. Last week, Fox News ran a story saying that if housewives were paid they would make about $138,000 a year. This number demonstrates that there is a great deal that goes into being a stay-at-home mom. But is the average college graduate prepared to handle these responsibilities? Not without an M.R.S. degree. A student who chooses to pursue a bachelor’s degree in M.R.S. would receive a true liberal arts degree. She would take classes in general areas such as history, English, and science, just so she can educate her children. She should take child development classes, educational psychology, first aid, and accounting, too. Culinary classes, sewing, interior design, day care management, safe driving classes and communication classes would also be required. Of course, like any other major, the college would need to set up some new classes distinct to the M.R.S. major.

I have several suggestions below: MRS 101 - Why Ovaries Matter. Recently, a female student at Ohio University was attacked for saying she would want a male, rather than a female, firefighter to save her if she ever got caught in a blaze. Those who criticized her were under the impression that gender differences are simply socially constructed. That isn’t true. Men have testicles and women have ovaries. And both of these facts have consequences. MRS 102 - Sexual Activity and Reproductive Choice. If a woman has a constitutional right to have an abortion, she certainly has a constitutional right to be a slut, too. But there is no constitutional right to exercise a constitutional right without consequences. A woman needs to know how being a slut in college will affect her self-image and how that will, in turn, affect her marriage or marriages later in life. And she also needs to know how sleeping with a lot of women affects the psychological make-up of her future spouse.

“Equality” is not the only reason we need to do away with double-standards on pre-marital sex. MRS 210 - Sex after Marriage. A woman has an obligation to keep herself trim and attractive after she gets married. She also has a right not to have a fat slob for a husband. That’s why married couples should work out together. That will do a lot to keep their sex lives interesting but they’ll need more than just physical fitness. That’s what this class will be all about. MRS 220 - Spousal Communication. Some women who are married think it’s alright to talk to their mothers each and every single day on the telephone. That’s okay, unless, of course, she’s talking to her mommy about a marital problem her husband does not even know about. It’s not rational or adult to expect the man to figure out the problems you conceal. It’s far healthier to learn to communicate with your spouse directly even if it means there will be an occasional argument.

And, for the sake of fairness and balance, there will be plenty of time in this class to talk about the consequences of marrying a momma’s boy. Cait Jacob and Becky Banks join my wife and mother-in-law as some of the prettiest red-heads you’ll ever see. I thank them for giving me the inspiration to write this column. Because we need more women just like them, we need M.R.S. degree programs now. Our young men need good wives more than anyone needs another degree program teaching women how to become lesbians, feminists, and man-haters for life.

Dr. Mike S. Adams would like to apologize for the redundancy in the final sentence of this column. Mike Adams is a criminology professor at the University of North Carolina Wilmington and author of Welcome to the Ivory Tower of Babel: Confessions of a Conservative College Professor.

Southwest Airlines and Prudery

2007-09-06T17:54:00.000-07:00

From Feministing.
Come fly the slut-shaming skies

Southwest Airlines is apparently now telling its female passengers how to dress. Kyla Ebbert was reprimanded and nearly kicked off a flight for daring to wear a tank top, miniskirt, and cardigan. (This picture is of the outfit she was wearing at the time. Scandalous, no? How dare she walk around in 100-degree weather wearing that?!)

They walked out onto the jet bridge, where [flight attendant/fashion policeman] Keith told Ebbert her clothing was inappropriate and asked her to change. She explained she was flying to Tucson for only a few hours and had brought no luggage.

“I asked him what part of my outfit was offensive,” she said. “The shirt? The skirt? And he said, 'The whole thing.' ”

Keith asked her to go home, change and take a later flight. She refused, citing her appointment.

The plane was ready to leave, so Keith relented. He had her pull up her tank top a bit, pull down her skirt a bit, and return to her seat.

Guess we know what airline Wendy "Modestly Yours" Shalit is going to be flying from now on!

The San Diego Union-Tribune columnist clearly thinks Ebbert's treatment was unacceptable, but then he throws up his hands:

Who knows where the lines are drawn these days, particularly when it comes to dress? If you watch television, or visit the mall, or take in a game at Petco Park, you'll see women dressed in ways that, 50 years ago, were pornographic. Today they are stylish.

Uh, newsflash: 50 years ago, Southwest was requiring its own stewardesses to wear skirts just as short as Ebbert's. (Picture below the fold.) So much for the good ol' days of modesty.

2007-09-03T16:06:00.000-07:00

Feminism and eastern religions

1. Anderson, Pamela Sue. A Feminist Philosophy of Religion. Blackwell Pub., 1997.

Feminist philosophy of religion as a subject of study has developed in recent years because of the identification and exposure of explicit sexism in much of the traditional philosophical thinking about religion. This struggle with a discipline shaped almost exclusively by men has led feminist philosophers to redress the problematic biases of gender, race, class and sexual orientation of the subject. Anderson and Clack bring together new and key writings on the core topics and approaches to this growing field. Each essay exhibits a distinctive theoretical approach and appropriate insights from the fields of literature, theology, philosophy, gender and cultural studies. Beginning with a general introduction, part one explores important approaches to the feminist philosophy of religion, including psychoanalytic, poststructualist, postmetaphysical, and epistemological frameworks. In part two the authors survey significant topics including questions of divinity, embodiment, autonomy and spirituality, and religious practice. Supported by explanatory prefaces and an extensive bibliography which is organized thematically, "Feminist Philosophy of Religion" is an important resource for this new area of study.

2. Jeffery, Patricia and Amrita Basu, ed. Appropriating Gender: Women's Activism and Politicized Religion in South Asia.

"Appropriating Gender: Women's Agency, the State, and Politicized Religion in South Asia" is a comprehensive collection of essays that examines the role of women in fundamentalist movements, as well as the gender policies of these movements and of the South Asian states in which they operate. Divided into three sections, Part I examines gender, nation, and the state; Part II the "Everyday and the Local"; and Part III the dynamics of agency and activism in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. "Appropriating Gender" is the first work to address fundamentalism from a woman's perspective, and is sure to become a classic in the fast-growing field of gender studies.

3. Women's Buddhism, Buddhism's Women: Tradition, Revision, Renewal By Ellison Banks Findly
Women's Buddhism, Buddhism's Women is a diverse array of scholars, activists, and practitioners explore how women are bringing about change in the forms, practices, and institutions of Buddhism.

4. Feminism And Islam: Legal And Literary Perspective. By Yamani, Mai
In an age when Western feminism is undergoing redefinition, this book offers to the worldwide debate sixteen contributions from the surprising setting of Muslim countries. These studies address the feminist modes of expression in relation to, or as a challenge to, Islamic laws and traditions.

5. Feminism and World Religions By Arvind Sharma, Katherine K. Young
Leading women scholars address their own traditions as they explore seven world religions in this unprecedented feminist treatment.

2007-08-30T13:54:00.000-07:00

http://www.princetonreview.com/law/research/articles/career/catalyst.asp

http://www.hg.org/women.html

http://www.academicinfo.net/lawwomen.html

http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jlg/vol282/abrams.pdf

http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-256es.html

http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/law.html

http://law.jrank.org/pages/1228/Feminism-Legal-Aspects.html

http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/scales1206.htm

http://www.thefeministlawyer.com/
(my personal favorite ; )
http://womenshistory.about.com/od/laws/Laws_and_Womens_Rights.htm

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awlaw3/property_law.html

http://www.womenslaw.org/
(a good source for sure!!!)

http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/norton/elfw/elfw.html

http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,264896,00.html

http://www.now.org/nnt/summer-2000/family.html

http://consumerist.com/consumer/privacy/proposed-legislation-in-ohio-would-require-women-to-get-a-mans-permission-to-have-an-abortion-285381.php

http://www.bookslut.com/nonfiction/2005_04_005345.php

http://www.news.uiuc.edu/news/05/1108pregnant.html

http://www.montana.edu/cpa/news/nwview.php?article=3392

http://leavingwomenbehind.com/

http://wox.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/23/2/132

http://women.ca.gov/UserFiles/899.NewLaws06.pdf
(recent stuff)

http://www.wechange.info/english/spip.php?article41
(I thought this one was very insightful and sort of touched on each flaw in the current laws affecting women (?) )

2007-08-30T13:53:00.000-07:00

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/12724/redefining_social_roles_for_women_in.html

http://www.allfreeessays.com/student/Feminism_Women_Equal.html

http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED222533&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&accno=ED222533

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-9740(198421)9%3A3%3C496%3ABSSIRO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z

http://ag.org/top/Beliefs/contempissues_03_feminism.cfm

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0554(199006)84%3A2%3C625%3ASF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2294/is_54/ai_n18764308

http://www.drugtext.org/library/articles/96734.htm

http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15327558IJBM0903_03

http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/Addams/CULTFEM3.HTML

http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:hfsWnpyBSHUJ:www.sheboygan.uwc.edu/uwsheboygan/webPages/dlouzeck/Mill%2520and%2520Taylor/Mill%27s%2520Feminism2.doc+feminism+and+social+roles+of+women&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=113&gl=us

http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/199310/kaminer-feminism

http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~hst203/readings/klatch.html

http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itsv/0597/ijse/ijse0597.htm

http://www.mit.edu/~shaslang/papers/fmnewsUHO.html

http://www.cafra.org/article354.html

http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=6778

http://www.mala.bc.ca/~Johnstoi/introser/beauvoir.htm

http://feminism.suite101.com/article.cfm/duality_of_womens_roles
(an especially good one : )

http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED246340&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&accno=ED246340
(another good one…)

http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=JAA.004.0013A

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2294/is_n5-6_v29/ai_14777189

http://www.selfhelpmagazine.com/articles/wf/dualcar.html

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-03/05/content_311988.htm
(yet another good one…)

http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2869

http://www.china.org.cn/english/SO-e/22967.htm

http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-530482/Wanting-it-all-career-marriage.html

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11310808&dopt=AbstractPlus

August 28, 2007 4:43 PM

Articles on Sexual Violence

2007-08-29T19:13:00.000-07:00

Atkins, Christine E., Women's Studies. July/Aug 2002, Vol 31, Issue 4, page 433-446
"This is What You Deserve': Rape as a Rite of Passage in Joyce Carol Oates' Naked"

Feministing on Gray Rape, Equality, and Potency

2007-08-29T06:01:00.000-07:00

August 28, 2007
"Gray rape," cont'd...

Over at Jezebel, Moe responds to my post:
Gray rape, if you think about it, is an ideal term to describe a topic about which I am so conflicted. it evokes the notion of "shades of gray," which is to say, the nuance without which empathy would not be possible. I forgave my gray rapist or date rapist or whatever a long time ago, much longer ago than I would have if I had felt myself that night to be in the presence of the OMG PURE EVIL that would be required to commit the sorts of things I'd been used to calling rape in the past. It is a loaded and powerful term, after all, and I derive no empowerment from using it to characterize his offense.

Ok, I'll repeat myself and say that the definition of rape does not change depending on its empowering/disempowering effect on the people involved, or whether they choose to use the word "rape." And rape isn't something that's committed only by guys who are OMG PURE EVIL. Even if 99% of the time he's an upstanding citizen and all-around awesome dude, but he still wouldn't listen that one time when you said "no," he's still a rapist -- and it's still rape.

A Jezebel commenter writes,
Just like we have manslaughter, vs. 2nd or 1st degree murder, there are many different forms and levels of sexual assault.

I concede that there are different kinds of rapes (in that the circumstances vary), but I don't believe that "worse" or "better" rapes. Sure, we have degrees of murder. But there has never been any question in modern society that it is a crime to kill another person. However, feminists had to work damn hard to get courts and society to recognize that rape is a crime. (Clearly, that battle is still being fought.) So introducing "degrees" of rape has the effect of diminishing the idea that it's a crime. Period.

I do feel slightly more conflicted about the appropriate legal response to situations in which women (drunk or not) may not want to have sexual contact with someone, but also do not say "no," push back, or make any other outward indication that they are opposed. (This doesn't apply to the situation Moe described, in which she said "NO" several times and he continued anyway.) But in the end, I keep coming back to the idea that we need to strongly advocate for the idea of enthusiastic consent, and make that the standard.

Putting our differences on "gray rape" aside, Moe and I can totally agree that "emosogynist" is an incredibly useful term. And I echo her call for more conversation about your personal experiences with rape -- no matter what you choose to call it.Posted by Ann at 05:45 PM in
-->
A blast from the Laura Sessions Stepp past
Thanks to Scott for reminding me that gray-rape enthusiast Laura Sessions Stepp is the same person who argued in The Washington Post last year that girls who like sex make dudes limp.
Seriously.

So a little retro Feministing for you:

Apparently women who like sex too much are responsible for a scourge of impotence among college men.

The Washington Post reports on the problem of younger men experiencing erectile dysfunction, which is supposedly caused in part by young women initiating sex.

According to surveys, young women are now as likely as young men to have sex and by countless reports are also as likely to initiate sex, taking away from males the age-old, erotic power of the chase.

"I know lots of girls for whom nothing is off limits," says Helen Czapary, a junior at the University of Maryland. "The pressure on the guys is a huge deal."

But it’s not just women’s horniness that’s a huge turnoff, it’s our damned opinions too:

One can argue that a young woman speaking her mind is a sign of equality. "That's a good thing," says [teacher Robin] Sawyer, father of four daughters. "But for some guys, it has come at a price. It's turned into ED in men you normally wouldn't think would have ED."

Equality is the enemy of boners. Now I get it. Traister also did a great piece tearing Stepp down, "Do loose chicks sink dicks?" Heh.

So according to Stepp, women who like sex not only are responsible for their "gray rapes," but are also causing a scourge of limp dicks. Jeez, she gets better every day!

Feminism in pornography

2007-08-28T17:31:00.000-07:00

Queen, Carol, Sex Radical Politics, Sex-Positive Feminist Thought, and Whore Stigma.

This article is mostly thoughts on sex radicals, and sex-positive feminist thought. Along with this article there was information from:

Rubin, Gayle. "Thinking Sex: Notes for Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality" in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality. Carole Vance, ed. Boston Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984 p.293.

Hartley, Nina. In the Flesh: A Porn Stars Journey.
-This excerpt is a first hand account of Nina Hartley who was a Porn stars experiences.

Brownmiller, Susan. In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution
-This disscusses the pornography wars, between radicals and sex radicals. Its also a story of Susan Brownmillers experiences.

Dworkin, Andrea. Life and Death. The Free Press, NY.
-I enjoyed this article alot. Dworkin disscusses the relations of slave Fredick Douglass and how they coralate to experiences of porn industry workers. Its hard to read because of some of the upsetting stories but its very interesting.

Mike Ramone, "Ariana Jollee: "The wronger, the better AVN Insider http://www.avninsider.com/stories/lead040804.shtml

Feminism and Pornography

2007-08-28T14:49:00.000-07:00

“For Adult Users Only: The Dilemma of Violent Pornography.” Ed. Gubar, Susan, and Joan Hoffman. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.

Griffin, Susan. “Pornography and Silence: Culture’s Revenge Against Nature.” New York: Harper & Row. 1981.

Jensen, Robert. “Pornographic Query: Is a DP inherently sexist?” Dissident Voice. November 14, 2006. http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~rjensen/freelance/dp.htm

Jensen, Robert. “Just a prude> Feminism, Pornography, and men’s choices.” April 5, 2005. http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~rjensen/freelance/justprudes.htm

Jensen, Robert. “Signs of Struggle: Voices from the Anti-Pornography Movement.” July 1998. http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/lawbooks/revjul98.htm

Steinem, Gloria. “Erotica and Pornography: A Clear and Present Difference.” Ms. Magazine. November 1978. p 54.

Legal Feminism/ Feminist Jurisprudence

2007-08-27T10:23:00.000-07:00

Abrams, Kathryn. "Legal feminism and the Three Emotions: Three Movements in an Evolving Relationship." Harvard Journal of Law and Gender. Volume 28. Issue 2. (2005). 326-344.

Franke, Katherine. "Theorizing Yes: An Essay on Feminism, Law and Desire." Columbia Law Review. Volume 101. Issue 1. (2001). 180.

Halley, Janet, Kohismaran, Prahda, Shamir, Hila, and Chuntal, Shamir. "From the International to the Local in Feminist Legal Responses to Rape, Prostitution/ Sex Work, and Sex Trafficking: Four Studies in Continuing Governance Feminism". Harvard Journal of Law and Gender. Volume 29. Issue 2. (2006). 335- 423.

MacKinnon, Catherine. Toward a Feminist Theory of the State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.

MacKinnon, Catherine. Women's Lives, Men's Laws. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2007.

Smith, Patricia, Ed. Feminist Jurisprudence. Madison: Oxford University Press USA, 1993.

Sexual Violence

2007-08-27T09:52:00.000-07:00

Barnett, Pamela. Dangerous Desire: Literature of Sexual Freedom and Sexual Violence Since the Sixties. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Bergen, Raquel Kennedy. Wife Rape: Understanding the Response of Survivors and Service Providers. London: Sage Publications, 1999.

Bretthauer, Brook, Zimmerman, Toni, and Banning, James. "A Feminist Analysis of Popular Music: Power Over, Objectification of, and Violence Against Women." Journal of Feminist Family Therapy. Volume 18. Issue 4. (2006). 29-51.

Cuklanz, Lisa M. Rape on Prime Time: Television, Masculinity, and Sexual Violence (Feminist Culture Studies, the Media and Political Culture). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

Davies, Kimberly. "Voluntary Exposure to Pornography and Men's Attitudes Tward Feminism and Rape." Journal of Sex Research. Volume 34. Issue 2. (1997). 131-137

Finkelhor, David and Yllo, Kersti. License to Rape. Florence: Free Press, 1987.

French, Stanley, Teays, Wanda, and Purdy, Laura. Violence Against Women: Philosophical Perspectives. Ithuca: Cornell University Press, 1998.

Hesday, Jill. "Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape." California Law Review. Volume 88. Issue 5. (2000) 1373- 1506.

Russell, Diana. Rape in Marriage. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990.

"To Have and to Hold: The Marital Rape Exemption and the Fourtweenth Amendment". Harvard Law Review. Volume 99. Issue 6. (1986). 1255- 1273.

Feminism & Pornography

2007-08-26T14:52:00.000-07:00

Feminism and Pornography

Baldwin, Margaret. “The Sexuality of Inequality: The Minneapolis Pornography Ordiance.” Law and Inequality 2 (1984).

Califia, Patrick. “Public Sex: The Culture of Radical Sex.” Cleis Press, 1994.

Clamor. “You Are What You Eat: The Pervasive Porn Industry and What Is Says About You and Your Desires.” September/October, 2002. 54-59.

Dines, Gail. “The White Man’s Burden: Gonzo Pornography and the Constructrion of Black Masculinity.” Yale Journal of Law and Feminism, 2006.

Dines, Gail and Robert Jensen. “Pornography and Media: Toward a More Critical Analysis.” Sexualities: Identity, Behavior, and Society. Ed. Michael S. Kimmel and Rebecca F. Plante. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 369-380

Dines, Gail and Robert Jensen. “Pornography in a Pornographic Culture: Eroticizing Domination and Subordination.” Race/Gender/Media: Considering Diversity Across Audiences, Content, and Producers. Ed. Rebecca Ann Lind. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2004. 274-281.

Russell, Diana E.H. “Pornography and Violence: What Does the New Research Say?” Take Back the Night: Women on Pornography. Ed. Laura Lederer. New York: William Morrow, 1980. 226.

Russell, Diana E. H. “Dangerous Relationships: Pornography, Misogyny, and Rape. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998.

Whisnant, Rebecca and Christine Stark. “Blow Bangs and Cluster Bombs: The Cruelty of Men and Americans.” Not for Sale: Feminists Resisting Prostitution and Pornography. Australia: Spinifex Press, 2004. 28-37.

How To Be a Good Wife

2007-08-26T08:06:00.000-07:00

From a 1953 Home Economics Book

Have dinner ready. Plan ahead, even the night before, to have a delicious meal on time. This is a way of letting him know that you have been thinking about him and are concerned about his needs. Most men are hungry when they come home and the prospect of a good meal is part of the warm welcome needed.

Prepare yourself. Take 15 minutes to rest so that you will be refreshed when he arrives. Touch up your makeup, put a ribbon in your hair and be fresh looking. He has just been with a lot of work-weary people. Be a little gay and a little more interesting. His boring day may need a lift.

Clear away the clutter. Make one last trip through the main part of the house just before your husband arrives, gathering up school books, toys, paper, etc. Then run a dust cloth over the tables. Your husband will feel he has reached a haven of rest and order and it will also give you a lift.

Prepare the children. Take a few minutes to wash the children's hands and faces (if they are small). Comb their hair, and if necessary, change their clothes. They are little treasures and he would like to see them playing the part.

Minimize all noise. At the time of his arrival, eliminate all noise of the washer, dryer, dishwasher, or vacuum. Try to encourage the children to be quiet. Be happy to see him. Greet him with a warm smile and be glad to see him.

Some don'ts. Don't greet him with problems or complains. Don't complain if he is late for dinner. Count this as minor compared with what he might have gone through that day. Make him comfortable. Have him lean back in a comfortable chair or suggest he lie down in the bedroom. Have a cool or warm drink ready for hinm. Arrange his pillow and offer to take off his shoes. Speak in a low, soft, soothing, and pleasant voice. Allow him to relax and unwind.

Listen to him. You may have a dozen things to tell him, but the moment of his arrival is not the time. Let him talk first.

Make the evening his. Never complain if he does not take you out to dinner or to other places of entertainment. Instead, try to understand his world of strain and pressure, his need to be home and relax.

The goal. Try to make your home a place of peace and order where your husband can renew himself in body and spirit.

Not My Problem

2007-08-24T22:07:00.000-07:00

Not My Problem
posted by Melissa McEwan (Shakespeare's Sister) Friday, August 24, 2007 permalink
No one wants to get involved:

A 25-year-old man was charged Thursday for allegedly raping and beating a woman in an apartment hallway -- an incident apparently witnessed by as many as 10 people who did nothing.Eventually, police showed up after responding to a call about "drunken behavior" in the apartment hallway, where they found the alleged rapist Rage Ibrahim (appropriate name) and the woman both lying unconscious, she with her clothing pulled up and bearing "fresh scratches on her face and blood on her thigh."

When the police reviewed surveillance video from the hallway, they saw that the assault started about 1:20am, but the call about the "drunken behavior" didn't come in until nearly an hour and a half later—even though the video also shows five to 10 people peering our their doors or "starting to walk down the hallway before retreating" during the assault. Police spokesman Tom Walsh said: "It shows one person looking out of her door probably three times. It shows another person walking up, observing what's going on, then turning and putting up the hood of his sweatshirt."

The 26-year-old victim knocked on a door at one point, yelling for the occupants to call police. A man inside that apartment told police he didn't open the door or look out, but said he did call police -- although they have no record of his call, according to court documents.…Walsh said police were upset by the behavior of the bystanders. "It's not what we expect of responsible citizens," he said."If you're not comfortable, if you don't feel capable of intervening, that's fine," Walsh said. "But not calling is not understandable."

Nonetheless, and despite Minnesota's Good Samaritan law which ostensibly compels people to provide reasonable help to a person in danger of "grave physical harm," and makes it a petty misdemeanor if they don't, none of the neighbors are likely to be charged—because "authorities would have to show that witnesses knew the woman was in extreme danger," and what sensible adult could be expected to conclude that a woman beaten until she was bleeding, screaming for help, and being raped was in danger of "grave physical harm," right?

Anyway, the AP is quick to inform us, she'd been drinking. Plus, the alleged rapist makes a good point.

[The complaint] said the woman was visiting the apartment of a friend, where she met Ibrahim; after drinking for several hours, she told police Ibrahim tried to stop her from leaving, and began to assault her.Ibrahim denied to police that he tried to rape the woman, saying if he wanted to do so he would have done it in the apartment, according to the complaint.

Yeah, I mean, why rape her out in the hallway where there might have been witnesses? They might do absolutely nothing!Ibrahim also explained: "I've got a mom, I've got a sister. I wouldn't rape anyone." Right, I forgot how rapists don't have mothers.

You know, I actually hope this story's wrong. I quite genuinely want to believe that a record of that call will be found, or, I don't know, something. Except I don't hold out much hope for it. I've been shocked on far too many occasions in my life by the callous disregard for human life, including lives right in front of our noses.*

I've seen people literally step over a body stretched lengthwise across the sidewalk on Chicago's Michigan Avenue during evening rush hour—dozens of people, walking around or right over the prostrate figure of a homeless man, on their hurried way home. I stopped to see if he was okay, if he needed medical attention, if he was alive, and people stopped not to help, but to look at me with utter disgust, before walking on. And just recently, a man had a stroke and fell and cracked his head open on the train platform in front of Mr. Shakes during morning rush hour. He was the only one who stopped to help this elderly man, staying with him and trying to care for him and making sure he was breathing, alive, until the paramedics arrived.

That's why the whole "not my problem" posture doesn't work for me. Because if I don't make it my problem when someone else needs help, maybe no one else will. Everyone seems to presume that someone else will help, surely there are plenty of Good Samaritans in the world, it's not like everyone will do nothing, someone else will do the Right Thing—but on what, precisely, is that presumption based? If you can find an excuse to not get involved, what makes you think everyone else can't do the same? Is it the one person—the girl crouched over the homeless man on the sidewalk, the guy cradling the bleeding man on the train platform—that one person you always seem to see that reassures you there's always someone else, that it never has to be you?

On another occasion, I was on the el, when a man sitting across from me—I can still picture him in his clean Bulls jumpsuit and dingy gray coat fifteen years later—pulled out his penis and started masturbating and leaning toward me. When I stood up to get off the train, he grabbed me, still masturbating with the other hand, grunting and panting, and I had to wrestle free of his grip to get off the train. There were at least a dozen other people on that train, mostly men, and not a single one of them stood to help me or said a word, even as I struggled and yelled. Evidently, I was the only one on the train who would have been willing to "get involved" to at least try to protect someone from the assault, but I was the one being assaulted. Bad luck.

But I guess that's my problem.------------------* I've been shocked on occasions by some rather astonishingly brave and wonderful things, too, but I would be lying if I said they were not decidedly more rare.

Syllabus for Feminist Political Thought

2007-08-20T13:05:00.000-07:00

FEMINIST POLITICAL THOUGHT
Fall 2007

Govt 317, WST 317
Prof. Ric Caric office: 336 Rader Hall
Class Time 11:30-12:30pm, MWF 1
office hours: M-F, 8:00-10:20am
Rader 201
phones: 606-776-8625 (cell)
783-2144 (office), 783-1901 (home)
e-mail: riccaric@hotmail.com, r.caric@morehead-st.edu

Appointments available outside office hours, office hours subject to change.

This is a course in feminist political thought. Feminist political thought is a diverse literature that addresses the issues involved in conceiving women as a constituent part of political life. Among the issues addressed by feminist political theorists are the status of women in the tradition of western political thought, the influence of gender on the work of traditional authors, the effects of male domination in organizing social and political life, the impact of gender on the generation of knowledge, developing standards of truth, and defining objectivity, the possibility of alternatives to male domination, and the global dimensions of feminism.

Feminist political theorists develop their positions in relation to a variety of intellectual resources, including older forms of feminism, empirical studies of women, the traditional canon of political theory, Marxism, psychoanalysis, the philosophy of science, linguistics, literary criticism, the literature on race, law, and writing on sexuality. The political relevance and interdisciplinary range of feminist political thought make feminist political thought the most exciting sub-field in contemporary political theory. Feminist writing about gender inequity, male violence, sexuality and pornography has had a tremendous impact on social life and political debate in the United States, an impact which is likely to grow as feminist writers further analyze the role of gender in American social and political life.

Requirements for this course are:
1. Class Attendance.
2. 60-100 pages of reading per week.
3. 8-10 quizzes and quiz assignments. (15%)
4. 2 take-home exams, 5 pages apiece. (40%)
5. Research Paper, 40%--credit for the research paper will be broken into four blocks
Topic-bibliography—5%,
Topic, 2nd Draft—5%
Progress Report—5%
First Draft—10%
Second Draft--20%)

The books to be purchased for this course from the University Book Store or Study Master are:
1. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
2. Chandra Talpalde Mohanty, Feminism without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity
3. Catharine MacKinnon, Feminism Unmodified
4. Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider.
5. Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight
6. Aida Hurtado, The Color of Privilege

The required reserve readings include:
1. Luce Irigaray, This Sex Which Is Not One, excerpts.
2. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought, excerpts.
3. John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women, excerpts.
4. Christina Hoff Summers, Who Stole Feminism, excerpts.
5. Phyllis Schafly, The Power of the Positive Woman, excerpts
Students are to copy reserve texts.

Rationalizations, Options, and Specifications:

1. Class Attendance. Class attendance is mandatory. I believe that speaking and listening in class are important for student understanding of political theory. Students will carry most classroom discussion and should be prepared when they come to class. Assignments should be read, questions formulated, and positions developed on relevant issues.

The instructor must be notified of all absences in advance. Students are subject to a deduction of 2.5 points from the final grade for each time they are absent without prior notification.

Students who notify the professor of absences in advance and have four absences or fewer will suffer no penalty for their absence. Students who notify the professor and have more than four absences owe the professor a five-page paper for each four absences on a topic to be mutually decided upon. Each extra paper will count seven points and students who do an extra paper will have their grades figured on a scale of 107 rather than 100. Students who do two extra papers will have their grades figured on a scale of 114 points, etc.

2. Quizzes. There will be between eight and ten unannounced, graded quizzes given over the course of the semester. For the quizzes, students will be required to make identifications. Quizzes will be given at the beginning of class. Since the quizzes are meant primarily to check on student progress, they will be very straightforward.

3. Typing. A research paper on a topic in feminist political theory is required in this class. Students will be required to choose a topic, perform research in books and articles, develop their own argument, and justify their argument by citing relevant sources. The final draft of the paper needs to be 12-15 pages long. The research paper will be executed in three stages: 1. a paper topic and bibliography of at least thirty sources; 2. a progress report; 3. a first draft of the paper that both proposes and justifies an argument; 4. a final draft that substantially revises the first draft. Due dates for the research papers will be handled the same way as take-home exams.

4. Quizzes. There will be between eight to ten announced and unannounced, graded quizzes given over the semester. Quizzes will be five questions long and will be chosen from questions posted for this class on Blackboard. Quizzes will be given at the beginning of class. Since the quizzes are meant primarily to check on attendance and reading, they will be very straightforward.

3. Take-Home Essay Exams. There will be three take-home essay exams during the semester. Students will be required to answer one question out of four or five questions provided by the professor. Each question will have several sub-questions and students will be required to answer all sub-questions. Almost all of the questions on exams will involve comparing the arguments of one political theorist to the arguments of another political theorist. In answering the questions, students will be required to: 1. Show knowledge of relevant political theory texts; 2. show a knowledge of the relevant arguments introduced by the professor during class lectures; 3. articulate their own point of view on the issue in the question.

Grades on exams will give on a scale ranging from 0-100. Those exams which receive 90-100 points will be given an “A,” those receiving 80-89 points will receive a “B,” etc.

90-100: Exams receiving this grade must possess one or more qualities of excellence, including
accuracy, thoroughness, comprehension of several points of view, originality of viewpoint. Exams receiving grades over 95 must combine several of these qualities.

80-89: Exams receiving this grade must demonstrate, at a minimum, a good, solid knowledge of
the political theory texts relevant to the question. Exams in this range will be expected to
have more mistakes then exams in the 90-100 range, but not enough for the professor to
conclude that the student does not understand the material. In determining a grade within
this range, the professor will weigh considerations of accuracy and knowledge of the
material in relation to any qualities of excellence in the paper.

70-79: Exams receiving this grade must demonstrate significant knowledge of the political theory
texts relevant to the question even if the student struggles in putting together concepts to summarize a theory, apply the theory to a hypothetical, or develop their own comparisons and evaluations of political theory concepts. Grades within this range are also applied to exams that show a good knowledge of political theory texts but do not address one or more sub-questions.

60-69: Exams receiving this grade must demonstrate some knowledge of the political theory
texts relevant to the exam. However, exams in this grade will include mistakes of such magnitude that the professor will judge that the student’s knowledge of the relevant texts is poor.

0-59 Exams receiving a grade in this range either demonstrate almost no knowledge of the relevant political theory texts, fail to address a question from this particular exam, or fail to address several sub-questions. This is a failing grade.

4. Typing. All papers must be typed or word-processed. Typewriters and word processors are available at the library and other campus sites. Those students who have their papers typed for them are responsible for getting their papers in on time.

5. Late Take-Home Exams: Students will have two weeks to do the take-home exams. Extensions will granted only in the most dire circumstances and will be accompanied by a ten-point grade deduction.

6. Grade Appeals: The development of student capacities for forming their own opinions and making arguments is an important objective of the course. Consequently, if students believe that they deserved a higher grade, the professor is more than willing to consider their arguments and re-evaluate their exams. The professor does increase grades when he considers such action to be justified.

7. Quiz Exercises: For the two class exercises, students will: 1. read an extra assignment of the professor's choosing (30-40 pages); 2. write a 3-page paper on the assignment; 3. participate in a group discussion of the assignment; 4. report on the assignment with your group. The grade for the exercise will be based on the quality of the paper. Turning in papers on time is mandatory for this assignment. Late papers will be docked ten points a day. Attendance for group exercises and presentations is also mandatory. Unconsulted absences on these days will result in a zero grade for the assignment. Consulted absences will be made up by writing an additional paper.

8. a. Extra Credit. The surest way to earn extra credit is show steady improvement on exams over the course of the semester. Those who show steady improvement (and come to class) will have their grade on the final exam count as the grade for the whole class.

8. b. “At the Margins” Points. Students who earn 15 “At the Margins” (or ATM) Points will be given credit for two extra points on their final grades if they are borderline A/B. Three ATM points will be given for students whose class presentations in class exercises are rated excellent; b. three ATM points will be given students whose participation contributes to the conduct of the class; c. two ATM points for attendance and reports at designated extracurricular events.

9. Academic Dishonesty. The Department of Geography, Government, and History at Morehead State University maintains a high academic standard including the expectation that all written work will be your own – not copied, borrowed, downloaded, or otherwise taken and passed off as your own. If any work is submitted which is not your own it will be returned with a failing grade and your name and a description of the offense may be forwarded to the Dean of Students.

Plagiarism is using the words, sentences, or even ideas of another person without specific acknowledgment. Plagiarism includes: 1) copying the work of another student with or without the other student’s knowledge; 2) collaborating with another student and submitting work that is identical, nearly identical, or inordinately similar; 3) changing a few words but copying the sentence structure without giving credit; 4) copying words and/or passages directly from books, articles, course readings, or internet sites, and failing to use quotation marks and/or offering appropriate citation. If there are any doubts about what constitutes plagiarism it is the student’s responsibility to clarify any questions with the instructor.

PROVISIONAL SYLLABUS
Govt 317, WST 317

Aug 20, Intro to Class,
Aug. 22, Catherine MacKinnon, Feminism Unmodified, 1-45.
Aug. 24, Mackinnon, 70-117.

Aug. 27, MacKinnon, 134-163
Aug. 29, MacKinnon, 163-197.

Sept. 3, Labor Day, No Class
Sept. 5, Schlafly, The Power of the Positive Woman, excerpts on reserve.
Sept. 7, bell hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center, excerpts on reserve.

Sept. 10, Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider, 7-53. Pass Out First Exam.
Sept. 12, Lorde, 53-81.

Sept. 17, Lorde, 81-133.
Sept. 19, Lorde, 145-187.
Sept. 21, C. T. Mohanty, Feminism Without Borders, 1-42.

Sept. 24, Mohanty, 42-84. First Exam Due.
Sept. 26, Mohanty, 85-123

Oct. 1, Mohanty, 124-169.
Oct. 3, Mohanty, 190-221.
Oct. 5, Discussion.

Oct. 8, Aida Hurtado, The Color of Privilege, 1-45
Oct. 10, Hurtado, 45-91. Pass Out Second Exam
Oct. 12, Hurtado, 91-123.

Oct. 15, Hurtado, 123-168.
Oct. 17, Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight, xiii-44

Oct. 22, Bordo, 45-71
Oct. 24, Bordo, 99-138. Second Exam Due. Proposal For Research Paper and Bibliography Also
Due.
Oct. 26, Bordo, 165-200.

Oct. 29, Bordo, 201-245.
Oct. 31, Bordo, 245-277.

Nov. 5, Women’s Magazine Day. Second Draft of Proposal Due
Nov. 7, Christina Hoff Summers, Who Stole Feminism, Excerpts on Reserve.
Nov. 9, John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women, on reserve.

Nov. 12, John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women, on reserve.
Nov. 14, Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Women, 91-141.Progress Report Due.

Nov. 19, Wollstonecraft, 141-190

Nov. 21-23, Thanksgiving Vacation

Nov. 26,. Women in Film, No Reading Assignment. First Draft Due
Nov. 28, Wollstonecraft, 190-240
Nov. 30, Mary Wollstonecraft, 240-267.

Dec. 3, Wollstonecraft, 267-300.
Dec. 5, Wrap up.

Monday, Dec. 9, Second Draft of Research Papers Due.

Welcome to Blogging Feminist Theory

2007-08-20T13:01:00.000-07:00

This is the course blog for Govt 317, Feminist Political Theory, at Morehead State University in Morehead, KY. BloggingFeministTheory is going to be used primarily as a tool for students to employ in building bibliographies for research papers.